Social Innovation and the Role of Leadership Research Paper

Social Innovation and the Role of Leadership - Research Paper Example To the extent inside legitimacy of the distributed article is concerned, it is again substantial as there are various references utilized inside the article. The pre-owned references in the paper are refered to inside the paper. The writers of the article utilize side notes and end notes to allude and clarify any thoughts or composed substance that needs depiction, which makes the article simple to follow. The references remembered for the paper separate in their substance type as they are from books, diaries and web libraries. Their distribution dates are before 2007 as 2007 is simply the time of the article. The authors have consolidated the composed substance from various timescales so as to gather various assessments about social advancement as an expansive term. Toward the finish of the article, nonetheless, a references segment is missing that ought to be a piece of scholarly composition. Just an area with the name of further perusing recommendations can be discovered that educ ates that the perusers regarding the article can go for extra readings on the off chance that they are keen regarding the matter of the paper. Alongside side notes and end noticed, a different references area ought to be given toward the end that is inadequate in the paper. Language of the article is enlightening and basic as the thoughts and speculations depicted by the scholars are simpler to follow and appreciate. The focused on perusers of the article are individuals identified with business, innovation, human science and different fields, youth and every others too. The article discusses improvement of social orders and their issues so it can't be limited to a particular crowd of gathering of individuals. This article is composed for a more extensive crowd. The arrangement of the article is clear and formal as the perusers can note appropriate headings with end notes and side notes alongside models that are illustrative. As the title of the article is social development, in thi s manner, the scholars give point by point and expressive meanings of the title. The article whenever watched hypothetically is very express and suggestive and gives an away from of the various terms and hypotheses identified with social advancement. As per Mulgan, et al (2007), development is about ‘new thoughts that work’ (8). The scholars additionally clarify that social advancement isn't business development; it is a great deal not quite the same as business advancement. Social advancement is related with human science and achievement of social objectives. As indicated by the scholars, the term social advancement is very wealthy in its importance and is across the board as far as its peripheries. By making a decision about the article and its expressly portrayed substance, it is very evident that hypothetically, the article is very clear in its implications. Authority: Exploration and Identification The article gives instances of pioneers who did creative works in t heir particular fields. As per Mulgan, et al (2007), individuals from various fields who can likewise be named as pioneers of social development, for example, â€Å"politicians, civil servants, intelligent people, representatives just as NGO activists† (14) took an interest in characterizing the idea of social advancement and pioneers assume a successful job in investigating and recognizing the idea of social advancement. As indicated by the article, there are four skylines of viable initiative, which are inheritance/generational time, long,

ed philosophy re: history :: essays research papers

To get history, you should get a handle on how your ordinary perspective on the world grew, how it was made by the truth of the individuals who lived before you. It took 1000 years to advance the cutting edge perspective on, and to truly comprehend where you are today, you should return yourself to the year 1000 and afterward push ahead through the whole thousand years experientially, as if you really survived the entire time frame yourself in a solitary lifetime.† (Redfield, 1994) I have decided to turn into a history teacher to open the psyches of undergrads who have disdained history, not as a result of the substance of what they are instructed, but since of how they were educated. With an existentialist perspective on training, my lessons will be founded on how people impacts and responded to specific occasions ever, not simply the occasions.      In request to completely clarify why I concur with the existentialist way of thinking, I should bring up why I feel this will assist my capacity with teaching my understudies. Existentialists depend on self-reflection as a significant instrument. I can’t think about a superior method to show an understudy what occurred since the beginning than by asking how the individual would respond in that timeframe. Envision being a writer attempting to catch the sentiment of a country on November 23, 1963, the day after President John F. Kennedy was shot. Take your creative mind further to catch the torn feelings felt by Mary Todd Lincoln, President Abraham Lincoln‘s spouse, who’s stepbrother Ben Hardin Helm was slaughtered as a Confederate General in the Civil War (Find A Grave, Retrieved 2002). By dedicating yourself completely to a circumstance and communicating those feelings you feel about that circumstance, your responses will achieve a more profound sig nificance; one not all that effortlessly hurled aside after a test is taken or the course is finished.           Existentialists likewise accept that a homeroom ought to be an open gathering for conversation. I plan on addressing for the primary portion of my group and letting the understudies share their musings in the staying half of the class. Realizing that all people think and act in an unexpected way, this assistance to clarify all sides of an occasion. One understudy may feel that our present circumstance warrants military activity against Iraq while another understudy might be firmly restricted to America‘s utilization of power. By letting these people express their actual inclination without judgment, I accept different understudies will better comprehend the current circumstance. ed reasoning re: history :: articles examine papers To get history, you should get a handle on how your regular perspective on the world grew, how it was made by the truth of the individuals who lived before you. It took 1000 years to develop the advanced perspective on, and to truly comprehend where you are today, you should return yourself to the year 1000 and afterward push ahead through the whole thousand years experientially, as if you really survived the entire time frame yourself in a solitary lifetime.† (Redfield, 1994) I have decided to turn into a history educator to open the brains of undergrads who have loathed history, not due to the substance of what they are instructed, but since of how they were educated. With an existentialist perspective on training, my lessons will be founded on how people impacts and responded to specific occasions ever, not simply the occasions.      In request to completely clarify why I concur with the existentialist way of thinking, I should call attention to why I feel this will assist my capacity with teaching my understudies. Existentialists depend on self-reflection as a significant instrument. I can’t think about a superior method to show an understudy what occurred from the beginning of time than by asking how the person in question would respond in that timeframe. Envision being a writer attempting to catch the sentiment of a country on November 23, 1963, the day after President John F. Kennedy was shot. Take your creative mind further to catch the torn feelings felt by Mary Todd Lincoln, President Abraham Lincoln‘s spouse, who’s relative Ben Hardin Helm was executed as a Confederate General in the Civil War (Find A Grave, Retrieved 2002). By devoting yourself completely to a circumstance and communicating those feelings you feel about that circumstance, your responses will realize a m ore profound significance; one not all that effectively hurled aside after a test is taken or the course is finished.           Existentialists likewise accept that a homeroom ought to be an open gathering for conversation. I plan on addressing for the principal half of my group and letting the understudies share their considerations in the staying half of the class. Realizing that all people think and act in an unexpected way, this assistance to clarify all sides of an occasion. One understudy may feel that our present circumstance warrants military activity against Iraq while another understudy might be firmly restricted to America‘s utilization of power. By letting these people express their actual inclination without judgment, I accept different understudies will better comprehend the current circumstance.

Introduction To Dual-Track Agile Product Development For Digital Startups

Introduction To Dual-Track Agile Product Development For Digital Startups Digital startups find themselves faced with a seemingly insurmountable task, and they are aware that the one thing they can do in order to enter the market and become successful is to develop products that offer value to users and customers. This is why they put so much focus on their product development, because that is where it all starts for them.The conventional method of product development used in other industries will not really work very well in software development. Software development has certain aspects that are markedly different from, say, development of electronics or even food and other similar consumer products.In software development, digital startups often use either the Waterfall or Agile methodology. In brief, the Waterfall methodology follows four phases: Analysis of the product requirements, Design of a technical solution to meet the product requirements, Implementation of the approved design, and Testing of the software prior to release. The major downside of this methodology is the high amount of expense or cost involved, especially when changes in the design have to be effected. Once a change is found to be necessary, they will have to go back to the Analysis and Design phases, and that takes a lot of time and money.This is why more software developers prefer to make use of agile methodologies instead of the Waterfall approach. © Shutterstock.com | TechnoVectorsIn this article, you will learn about 1) what is agile product development, 2) what is dual-track agile product development, and 3) benefits of using dual-track agile product development.WHAT IS AGILE PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT?In Agile Product Development, we are looking at software development approaches that are based on iterative development. Product requirements and the solutions that are developed to address the problems that are spurred by these requirements are processed, evaluated and made to evolve through the collaboration between and across team members and teams.Agile puts more emphasis on interactions among and between individuals and teams, particularly those who are directly involved in the product development. The environment takes on a collaborative atmosphere, and one of the most defining characteristics of the approach is its iterations. Product development is basically performed in iterations, which often result to high-quality softwar e, which is produced in a cost-effective and efficient manner, meeting deadlines or time constraints set on them.The process begins with a “backlog”, which is a list that covers all the prioritized requirements, or everything that has to be done. The list will be the starting point of how the team will set the scope, schedule and cost of work to be done, starting from the work that must be completed first. Of course, when setting the schedule, scope and costing, they will always take into consideration the target date of release of the product they are developing.The work will be divided into what we call ‘iterations’ or ‘sprints’, where specific requirements are expected to be delivered within each sprint. Each iteration is seen as a complete development cycle, with its own expected result or deliverable at the end of each sprint or iteration.Compared to the Waterfall methodology, Agile poses less risk, because the more difficult tasks with the higher risks are addresse d at the beginning (they are on top of the list of priorities or backlogs). Productivity of the developers and other members of the cross-functional teams are also increased because they are expected to have an output at the end of each sprint. Monitoring of the progress of the product development process is also more stable, thanks to the daily stand-up meetings that are conducted. Testing is also performed on new features or functions as they are delivered, so they will immediately know whether it works or not. This is opposed to other product development methods, which waits for the entire release to be finished before conducting testing. As a result, they will incur more time and cost when some functions do not pass testing, and they have to go back to zero.There are several methodologies in Agile, including Scrum, FDD, XP, and Crystal. For this discussion, however, we will be focusing on the methodology known as dual-track agile product development.DUAL-TRACK AGILE PRODUCT DEVE LOPMENTThe first question we have to get out of the way is: “what is dual-track agile?”Dual-track agile, which is also known as “dual-track scrum”, is the approach in software development that assumes that agile product development has two key tracks: the Discovery Track and the Delivery Track.When you ask software developers and designers why they prefer using the dual-track approach over the conventional approach, their answer is most likely to zero in on how it is more efficient, as it eliminates a lot of the costs usually associated with agile product development. But we cannot fully get a picture of the benefits of dual-track agile product development without understanding what this dual-track agile is all about.Before you read further watch this awesome video on how to build products customers love using the dual track agile approach. Step 1: The Discovery TrackAlso referred to as the “discovery cycle”, this track involves the quick or fast generation of “validat ed product backlog items in collaborative interactions and sessions with designers and engineers, to make way for the Delivery Track”.As the name implies, this phase involves gathering information and gaining knowledge. Therefore, it involves talking to users and using the information you obtained to figure out what the product requirements are.The common activities implemented in this track include:Stakeholder interviewsNaturally, you have to first identify who your stakeholders are. Stakeholders are the individuals and entities that can be affected or, in turn, can affect your organization. The discovery team would have to conduct interviews with the top management or the owners of the startup, learn of their objectives and policies. These are bound to have an impact on how the product development would unfold.User researchYou are creating software or a product with specific users in mind, which is why you have to pay attention to them from the start of the product development p rocess. There are several user research methodologies that are being used, and they include inquiries through interviews and surveys, and ethnographic and demographic studies.Interviews are often highly recommended because you will be interacting and connecting with the users in their natural environment. Of course, digital startups may not have its specific users yet. One option is for them to direct their attention to the users of their competitors for their research.During your research, focus on the problems that they are faced with, the requirements that they are looking for, and the features or solutions that they would want or need.Development of Personas and ScenariosFrom the information gathered through user research, you can now develop your product persona. These are particularly useful when you are going in-depth with your user stories. Essentially, you are establishing patterns which you can use in the next steps of product development.This is the same as creating scena rios that will also aid you. For example, you can ask users to give you a scenario on a specific task they accomplish on a daily basis. What are the problems they encounter when doing this task? How do they solve it or get around that problem to still accomplish it?Story MappingPrioritization is very important in Agile and, in dual-track scrum, all that you have obtained through user research must also be prioritized in order to make sense of them. Story mapping, particularly the user stories you have gathered, will help you understand user experience better, so you can prioritize features better. For instance, you have a list of features that you plan on incorporating into the product. Through story mapping, you will easily be able to distinguish those features that are deemed most important or indispensable, from those that have little to no value.Step 2: The Delivery TrackThis involves the development of software that may be released, based on the backlog items that have been def ined and qualified previously in the Discovery Track.The natural response of product development teams after they have conducted all their user research and other Discovery Track activities is to go straight ahead to the design stage. Before that, however, the team should first be clear on what the deliverables will be, and how they will be delivered. Once they have agreed on those, they can proceed to the other activities of the delivery track.Rapid prototype creationDigital startups want to finish product development as much as possible and release them to the market quickly. However, it is suggested that prototypes be created first for testing. One effective testing method is the RITE, or the Rapid Iterative Testing and Evaluation method, which can be done in person, or even over the phoneInformal and iterative testingGetting feedback from users is something that is done throughout the delivery track, not just AFTER the final product has been released. Getting the users involved will help the delivery team catch problems while it is in the development process, instead of finding the problem only after majority of the work (and the costs) is done.We have made mention of how Agile is all about collaboration. By involving your users, product development teams and the managers are more in touch with the customers, putting them in a better position to understand what the customers want and need.Polishing of the user interfaceThis is connected to user research inputs and customer feedback. Product designers and developers continue working on their product, even after they are done with the prototype. You can say that this is a way to fine-tune the product. By getting the thoughts of the users, they can better polish the user interface of the software and, ultimately, improve user experience.There is a reason why it is referred to as “dual-track” instead of a “two tracks connected to each other in a continuous line or loop”. One important point to be remem bered is that Discovery and Delivery tracks run parallel to each other. It’s not about one waiting for the other track to be finished before it can get started, and vice versa. The two key tracks work together and complement each other.BENEFITS OF DUAL-TRACK AGILE FOR DIGITAL STARTUPSOne thing not many people understand about digital startups is this: they do not have unlimited resources. Often, they have to start on a very tight working capital, and they do not really have the luxury of time to be relaxed in their pace. Technology moves at such a fast speed, the software you are working on today may be rendered obsolete in less than a couple of months. That is why digital startups have to consider cost and speed in their product development. That is where agile product development, particularly dual-track agile, comes in handy.1. Dual-track agile results in less rework and wasteIf the backlog items have not been properly qualified, defined and validated, expect several reworks th at must be done. Lots of rework and even more wasted time and resources will result in slow work velocity. Deadlines might not be met and, even if they were, the results would not be satisfying at all. Agile is mainly about iterations, so expect to go through the cycle in more than one or two gos. It is already a given that the team will have to do iterations repeatedly, but if you end up doing more than you should, mainly because you were not able to do it right the first few iterations, will already mean wastage that you could have avoided.The mere fact that you keep conducting meetings just to clear things up about backlog items that were not made clear in previous meetings is already indicative of resources wasted. The discovery and delivery tracks will ensure that the members of the product development team will have all the information they need, so they can reduce the number of iterations and, consequently, the costs and time incurred.2. Dual-track agile leads to the developm ent of higher quality productsBy having well-defined backlog items, product developers are able to eliminate features that have very little or no value at all. This reduces instances where you release software and the users end up using only about 50% of the functionality.Dual-track agile’s validation ensures that there is an actual and real need for a feature. Through implementing the discovery and delivery tracks, you are able to pay attention to the user experience. In short, you are able to put yourselves in the shoes of your users, so you will know which features will be useful to them, and which can be eliminated, without compromising the quality of the product.3. Dual-track agile makes validation more cost-effectiveValidation is one aspect that is often overlooked or even pointedly ignored by many product developers. Some think it is redundant; others simply do not see its importance. Validation of ideas is very important, if only to ensure the quality of the product. Howev er, it involves the use of codes, rendering it time-consuming, tedious, and expensive, which is the reason why it is often ignored. Or even when developers do it, they do it in a half-hearted manner, which completely defeats the purpose.As a result, developers are looking for a way to make the validation of ideas more manageable, faster, and cheaper, and dual-track agile is one way of doing exactly that. This is through the actions undertaken by the members of the Discovery Team, who can use surveys and paper prototypes, instead of codes, to validate. This is certainly easier and faster, and makes validation more cost-effective.4. Dual track agile increases startups’ ability to cope better with changeFlexibility is one trait that all businesses â€" not just those engaged in digital technology â€" can benefit from. We are all aware how fast-paced and volatile the information technology industry is, so digital startups should learn how to keep up and cope. By implementing dual-track scrum, they are already training themselves to get there.5. Dual-track agile promotes improved overall user experienceThere has always been a discordant relationship between agile product development and user experience design, so much so that even the experts in agile find integration of the two to be very difficult. They find it difficult to focus on two things at one time; it is either focus on the product development iterations, or concentrate on design focused on user experience.Dual-track creates a clear separation between the discovery and delivery track teams, so one team can focus on one, and the other team on the other issue. The discovery team, in building prototypes, can already integrate user experience design, and the delivery team will pick things from the specs that the discovery team will provide them. You should also not forget that the discovery team is the one responsible for validation, so they can incorporate the validation of user experience on their end as w ell.For digital startups, the use of dual-track agile is highly recommended. When done right, they are looking at great results. Of course, they should keep a level head and focus on the work at hand. Choosing the right people to assign to the teams and their tasks is very important, and making sure you have a schedule is also needed. But there should also be a lot of room for flexibility. Depending on your scheduling, the nature of your startup, and your goals, your dual-track agile implementation may differ from that of other digital startups.

Is Socrates Innocent or Guilty Essay - 1379 Words

Is Socrates Innocent or Guilty? Living in a democracy, everyone is exposed through television and other various forms of media everyday to numerous trials by jury. Usually they are rarely given a second thought, but every once in a while along comes a specific trial which captures the attention of the entire country. This goes the same for trials throughout centuries in our past. Although they did not have the same forms of media as in this, modern era, there were still specific trials in which everyone knew about. One trial that stands out is the one against the great philosopher Socrates. Accused of corrupting the youth, being an atheist, and believing in other gods, Socrates faced trial by jury. The early forms of democracy†¦show more content†¦No one had previously imagined that Socrates would be put to death. Socrates was a man who spent most of his time talking to people. He would ask them hypothetical questions, and make them think for themselves about the true answer they believed in, by serving as a guide for the conversation. Many people, including the accusers, believed that while Socrates did this, he was serving as a Sophist. A Sophist is a person who talks to people, and teaches them how to argue a point, whether the point is right or wrong. A Sophist would collect money for this lesson, and go on with their teachings (Xenophon 42). This accusation is inaccurate because Socrates did not collect any money for his conversations with people. Instead, Socrates was a very poor man, who happened to have rich friends. Talking to these people was a way for Socrates to try to spread his way of life to the Athenians. He enjoyed conversing with people about ethical issues, and moral beliefs. In his argument, Socrates refutes Meletus charge that he corrupts the young. One crucial point deals with the idea of Socrates as a paid teacher. This would imply that Socrates was actively seeking students and teaching corrupting ideas. This plays a part in the argument, by Meletus, that Socrates has deliberately corrupted the youth. Socrates says that, the young men who follow me around of their own free will, those who have most leisure, the sonsShow MoreRelatedSocrates: Guilty or Innocent Essay847 Words   |  4 PagesIn Platos, The Apology of Socrates, Socrates was accused and on trial for two charges: that he had corrupted the youth of Athens with his teachings, and, that he advocated the worship of false gods. Socrates taught his students to question everything in a thirst for knowledge. Thus, many politicians were looked at as hypocrites. Because of this, many politicians feared Socrates and wanted Socrates away from Athens. Socrates tried to defend himself against the charges by addressing each accusationRead More The Apology of Socrates: Guilty or Innocent? E ssay928 Words   |  4 PagesThe Apology of Socrates: Guilty or Innocent?   Ã‚   In any case of law, when considering truth and justice, one must first look at the validity of the court and the system itself.   In Socrates case, the situation is no different.   One may be said to be guilty or innocent of any crime, but guilt or innocence is only as valid as the court it is subjected to.   Therefore, in considering whether Socrates is guilty or not, it must be kept in mind the norms and standards of Athens at that time, and theRead MoreSocrates: Guilty or Innocent of Charges? Essay2093 Words   |  9 PagesSocrates: Was He Guilty or Innocent of the Crimes He Was Charged With? Most of the information that we learn about Socrates comes from the work and writings of one of his students, Plato. It has been alleged that the great Philosopher wrote nothing down for others to read, and as such, the knowledge and the teachings from Socrates that is relied upon to convey his philosophy and the epic story of his life comes not from himself, but his students who attempt to provide and accurate pictureRead More Argument in the Apology Essay897 Words   |  4 Pagesphilosopher Plato is whether, notorious speaker and philosopher Socrates is corrupting the youth by preaching ungodly theories and teaching them unlawful ideas that do harm to individuals and society. In his words Socrates quoted the prosecution’s accusation against him: â€Å"Socrates is guilty of corrupting the minds of the young, and of believing in supernatural things of his own invention instead of the gods recognized by the state.† 1 Further Socrates consistently introduces tediously compiled number of examplesRead MoreSocrates Trial Essay807 Words   |  4 PagesApology Socrates was charged and put on trial for impiety, as well as accused of committing many other crimes. I will first explain the most important issues of why Socrates was sent to death. Then I will argue the position that Socrates is innocent, and should not be have been found guilty. To introduce, Socrates was placed on trial and charged with the crime of impiety. Impiety is the lack of reverence for the gods and other sacred things. As well another major claim was that Socrates was corruptingRead MoreEssay Is Socrates Guilty As Charged?1134 Words   |  5 Pagesquot;Is Socrates Guilty As Charged?quot; nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;In any case of law, when one is considering truth and justice, one must first look at the validity of the court and of the entity of authority itself. In Socrates case, the situation is no different. One may be said to be guilty or not of any said crime, but the true measure of guilt or innocence is only as valid as the court structure to which it is subject to. Therefore, in considering whether Socrates is guilty or notRead MoreThe Apology And Interpretation Of The Trial Of Socrates1183 Words   |  5 Pagesinterpretation of the trial of Socrates (399 BC). When the Thirty Tyrants were ruling Athens, Socrates was asked by them to help capture Leon of Salamis, a wealthy man. This arrest was to be made simply because Leon was a just Democrat and the Tyrants wanted to take his huge estate for themselves. Socrates disobeyed these orders hence why he was later executed as a traitor of Athens. Meletus was the man who then brought Socrates before a jury for prosecution. Socrates pleaded innocent in his trial. SimilarlyRead MoreEssay on Socrates Was NOT Guilty1667 Words   |  7 Pages   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Socrates, in his conviction from the Athenian jury, was both innocent and guilty as charged. In Plato’s Five Dialogues, accounts of events ranging from just prior to Socrates’ entry into the courthouse up until his mouthful of hemlock, both points are represented. Socrates’ in dealing with moral law was not guilty of the crimes he was accused of by Meletus. Socrates was only guilty as charged because his peers had concluded him as such. The laws didn’t find Socrates guilty; Socrates was guiltyRead MoreEssay on A Hoax in Court: The Trial of Socrates1547 Words   |  7 PagesAlbert Einstein quoted, â€Å"In matters of truth and justice, there is no difference between large and small problems, for issues concerning the treatment of people are all the same† (Brainy Quote). Were justice and truth a part of Socrates’ trial? The primary question is: what is justice? According to Merriam-Webster dictionary, the definition of j ustice is: â€Å"the administration of law, especially the establishment or determination of rights according to the rules of law or equity.† Meletus broughtRead MoreAnalysis Of Socratess Four Accusations About Socrates 1679 Words   |  7 PagesFour accusations about Socrates are that he commits injustice and is a busybody; he investigates things in the heavens and beneath the earth; he does not acknowledge the gods; he makes the weaker argument the stronger; he teaches this to others; he corrupts the young (Plato, Apology, 18c-19b, pg 47). While he is guilty of the first, second, fifth and sixth accusations, he is innocent of the third and the fourth. That Socrates is guilty by his own standards of being a busybody, or meddler, is

The Development Of The Self And The Ability Of Form...

The development of the self and the ability to form relationships with others both begin in infancy, as the child starts to understand its own existence. The formation of close relationships with parents and, eventually, with peers is crucial to the psychological and physiological well-being of a child. The first signs of self-awareness can generally be found by age two. Children at this stage can recognize themselves in the mirror and in photographs, as well as use personal pronouns to refer to themselves. One popular test of self-recognition involves discreetly putting a small mark, usually an ink dot, on the forehead of a child. When the child is told to look at their reflection in a mirror, a child that has developed†¦show more content†¦The social world is not as concrete as the physical world, and is governed by subjective laws that change from person to person. Whenever people are incorporated into a task, that task instantaneously becomes much harder and this i s especially true for young children. If a child does not yet have the ability to recognize their â€Å"inner self†, it is virtually impossible for them to have effective communication with someone else, whereas this child can easily figure out that an object dropped from the highchair will inevitably fall to the ground. Relationships are incredibly important to both our functioning as a society and our existence as a species. If relationships were considered bad, then there would be serious repercussions. The most obvious is the strong decline in reproduction that would occur as a result, also neurosis would be widespread from social isolation. Relationships also help to motivate us. Upward social comparison occurs when we compare ourselves to those who are perceived to be better than us (Festinger 1954). In most people, this creates motivation to try and reach this peak, so long as it is an achievable goal. Relationships also supply us with affection and the benefit s of attachment. As people grow older, attachment with others is necessary to supplant that which was felt with their parents, as proximity to them is decreased with the emergence ofShow MoreRelatedThe Influence of Parenting Styles and Attachment Styles on Relationship Designs986 Words   |  4 Pagesattachment styles and parenting styles a child receives is the design for the rest of their relationships. The relationship an infant or child has with the primary caregiver is the most important because their adult behaviors are directly influenced from these experiences. This is the basic theory of attachment styles that states that the earliest bonds a child forms correlates to the kinds of relationships people form as adults. Families are the first social interactions that infants and children haveRead MoreSocial Emotional Development During The First Three Years1407 Words   |  6 Pages Social Emotional Development in the first three years. Social Emotional development is a child’s ability to control his or her emotions by self-regulating. It also is the child’s ability express his or her feelings in the appropriate way. Temperament is the combination of mental, physical, and emotional traits of a person; natural predisposition. (Temperament | Define Temperament at Dictionary.com, n.d.). Your temperament regulates your social emotional development. When you look at your temperamentRead MoreThe Signs And Symptoms Of Psychological Abuse1113 Words   |  5 Pagespattern of behaviors by caregivers that interferes with cognitive, emotional, psychological, and social development. In other words’ it is when someone does something intentionally to hurt the emotional aspects of another person. What are the signs/symptoms of psychological abuse? Unlike physical abuse, psychological abuse often goes on without being noticed. Psychological abuse can be seen in the forms of ignoring, rejecting, isolating, corrupting, verbally assaulting, terrorizing, and neglecting.Read MoreThe Psychosocial Development Of Infants And Children Essay1589 Words   |  7 PagesThe psychosocial development of infants and children is a topic that has been studied by many. Per the Psychology textbook by Ciccarelli, personality and the formation of relationships begins with psychological and social development during infancy and childhood (p.328). Personality is shown through temperament, a child’s temperament in relation to their primary caregiver’s temperament will determine what style of attachment the child forms with the caregiver (p.330). 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As students with autism vary from a range of non-verbal to a form of highly intelligent, the role of an educators and parents plays an important part of their growth and well-being. Through my research, I have notice that a majority of researchers express that a diagnoses of autism involves their lacks of inability in adaptive, cognitive, expressive, receptive, personalRead MoreDevelopmental Psychologist Erik Erikson s Stages Of Psychosocial Development1729 Words   |  7 PagesDevelopmental psychologist Erik Erikson changed the way that people viewed the psychosocial development in humans throughout their lifespan. Using the foundation provided by Freud’s psychosexual stages, he modified the concepts to where they demonstrated external impacts on development as well as making it more about emotional conflicts than necessarily physical drives. 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Sandwich Blitz Free Essays

Dalman and Lei have discussed two possible avenues to grow and expand Sandwich Blitz, Inc. One possible strategy would be to franchise locations. Another strategy would be to secure venture capital to finance an internal expansion by opening more company-owned shops. We will write a custom essay sample on Sandwich Blitz or any similar topic only for you Order Now Dalman feels that he just does not have time to investigate these options because he is spending an increasing amount of his time assisting the location managers. Lei noted that two of the location managers had exhibited a lot of skill in the management of their locations and perhaps a new position could be added to coordinate with the location managers. This would free Dalman to work on these larger issues. 1. How would creating a new position between the CEO and the location managers help the business to grow? Creating a new position will allow Dalman to devote his time and energy towards more important issues regarding growing the company as a whole; namely the possibility of franchising locations and or securing venture capital to finance and internal expansion by opening more company owned shops. In this new position, the new manager would have the authority to make decisions, give orders, draw on resources and do whatever else is necessary to fulfill that responsibility. Dalman would only need to have a weekly or bi-weekly meeting with the new manager as to the status of the locations at the operational level and dispense advice or direction if needed. 2. Is promoting an existing manager the best option to fill this position? If not, what is an alternative source to fill the position? Yes, promoting an existing manager is the best option to fill this position because the existing manager already knows the job and with the additional responsibilities, he will feel like he’s contributing. Also, with his exceptional managerial skills, he will remain focused, put over 100% effort into the tasks at hand and become involved in new ideas and innovation for the company. 3. Who within the company should make these decisions? Dalman and Lei should make these decisions. Since they both know who the managers are and their skill set, then they are the ones who should decide who to promote and/or move into the position. 4. List the levels of authority (management) that Sandwich Blitz, Inc. would have if the new position is created. The levels of authority (management) that Sandwich Blitz, Inc. would have if the new position is created are: 1.Strategic Managers, CEO, CFO, Dalman and Lei 2.Middle Manager – Senior Manager, New Position 3.Operational Managers – 8 Location Managers How to cite Sandwich Blitz, Papers

Recent Developments in the Doctrine of Consideration

Question: Discuss how the development of economic duress has allowed the courts to move away from a rigid adherence to the doctrine of consideration? Answer: Introduction Generally, in contracts, there are three basic elements namely the agreement, the intention to create a legal obligation and the consideration. The doctrine of consideration is important because it endeavours to bind the parties to an agreement and checks the legal limits on them. The two principal rules associated with the doctrine of consideration are that it should move from the promise, but it may or may not reach the promisor and secondly, it may not be adequate, but it should be sufficient. The question that arises is that whether the doctrine of consideration is relevant in today's world or not. Does the doctrine establish in the case of Williams v Roffey still exist or have there been other doctrines that have taken up its place? In today's world, the existence of consideration has become very minimal, and the judges have resorted to going to extreme ends to juggle up considerations. Can we in today's context say that the doctrine of consideration is becoming redundant gradually? This application is widely happening in the transactions having a commercial nature. In the case of Williams v Roffey, it was established that a consideration that is factual and against the legal benefits shall be a proper consideration. Thus, the definition as to what constitutes proper consideration became much wider in ambit. The precedent of Williams has been applied on various instances in the Singapore Law like that of Sea-Land Service Inc v Cheong Fook Chee Vincent. The application of the doctrine of consideration is day by day becoming obsolete although it has not become totally redundant. The Doctrine of Consideration The principle upon which the doctrine of consideration primarily rests is the concept of factual benefit with the requirement that it should be sufficient. This concept of factual benefit gives the same purpose as that of the doctrine of consideration thereby negating the sufficiency requirement. This gives rise to the question that does this not make the doctrine absolutely unneeded? There are also various concerns regarding the application of the doctrine of consideration. In the case of Williams v Roffey, it was held by the judges that the promise that was made was sufficient and qualified within the terms of the consideration. But, in the case of Stilk v Myrick, it was ruled by the Courts that no consideration existed as the matter was with the presentation of an active contract. Both of these matters deal with the issue that a promise had been made to pay more than that owed under the contractual obligations. The decision given in these two cases is entirely opposite. The concern in this regard is the justification provided by Lord Justice Russell in Williams. It is very clear from the statement put forth that the judge was not pleased with the judgment pronounced in the case of Stilk. While there is such a big difference in the application of the same doctrine in different areas, then, what should be the base for the upcoming litigations to remove the incons istency in the same law? These inconsistencies help in contemplating the effectiveness of the doctrine of consideration. Application of the Doctrine As far as the applicability of the doctrine of consideration is concerned, there are unquestionably certain issues that raise questions on its effectiveness. This doctrine is becoming redundant gradually, and there are several other doctrines that are day by day encompassing the essence of consideration and reshaping it. The other doctrines in this aspect are the doctrine of promissory estoppels, undue influence, the doctrine of duress, unconscionability, etc. Vitiating factors are often used by the Courts as a means in alteration of the doctrine of consideration. Economic duress is mostly served to make contracts that were framed by using improper conduct to be termed as voidable. The doctrine is used in those circumstances when unlawful pressure is exerted on the parties and because of that pressure, people enter into a contract. This doctrine tries to prevent the disputes that might fall under extortion that have a higher effect. That can lead to such circumstances that might give a look that the consideration in the contract was a valid one. These kinds of matters might result in very unfair judgments being pronounced by the Courts and in those circumstances; the doctrine of consideration is likely to become even more invalid. These situations arise when one of the parties in the contract, which generally happens to be in the dominant position, uses the advantage of his position to induce his words in the mouth of the other party. There might also be a situation when because of the dominant position enjoyed by one party; the other party may be prevented from entering into a contract although the same might be beneficial for them. Generally, in all these circumstances, it is very simple to find an alternative shape of consideration in the agreement that ultimately results in unfair judgments being pronounced by the Courts. The Doctrine of Duress The doctrine of duress tries to protect the unscrupulous behaviour that often gets highlighted in the contracts when they are formed. The application of this doctrine is witnessed on a large scale where the unethical behaviour is displayed by the use of money, power, and favourable position. What the courts look forward to nowadays is not concerned with the application of the precedents of either Williams or Stilk. Rather, the application of the principle of the law that there should be the possible display of sufficient consideration is looked at by them. While the alternatives, on the one hand, have their own benefits, they also have certain limitations that are associated in addition to that. They firstly do not hold as good a foundation in the legal system as is held by the doctrine of consideration. Because consideration is one of essential doctrines governing the law of contracts, totally abolishing the same is somewhat difficult. Hence, in such a situation, the best alternativ e that is available is that it should be entirely left in the hands of the judges to decide a matter based on the circumstances of a case. It cannot be denied that there are certain flaws in the existing system but for that issue, totally abolishing the same can never be a solution. There can be certain revisions and amendments made in the existing system. Consideration is one of the essential elements of any contract and in legal language; it means the price for the contract that is paid by one party to the other party as an acknowledgement of the performance of the contract. What is essential in its characteristics is that it is supposed to move from the promise and should be sufficient. Originally, it was meant for those promises that were made in the domestic level and for transactions that were controlled by the landowners around the mid 18th century. Since there was the very little development of commerce, trade agreements were also not well developed. What has been of concern is that time has changed, and so has the legal framework, but the doctrine keeps working on its traditional way. There is also a great amount of confusion that has been put forth before the common masses between the legal benefit and the detriment post the judgment of Williams v Roffey. The question has also been put on the validity of the concept of consideration. It was held in this matter by the Court that Roffey Bros were supposed to pay Williams because they had derived a benefit that qualified to be sufficient consideration. The general rule regarding consideration is that none of the promises to perform a contract can ever qualify to be sufficient consideration. However, an exception was laid in this rule. It was stated that none of the parties should thrive to reap any additional benefits when the obligations have been fulfilled by the other party. The rule under the common law, on the contrary, looks at the detriment for those obligations that come under public duty. Hence, because the factual benefit is displayed in everyday behaviour very easily, hence, to apply the rule established in Williams the scope of the doctrine of consideration has to be altered. Analysis of the Situation Now, because the verdict in this matter was related to assessing the sufficiency of consideration, the judgment has left a smudge in the analysis of injury. If a benefit is said to be the adequate consideration, then, there must be no differentiated opinion over the judgments on different occasions. Thus, it should be a situation where the benefits earned should be sufficient in cases of price reduction as well. In the case of Re Selectmove Ltd, it was held that the promise to pay less did not qualify to be a valid agreement under the rule of Williams. The general rule as laid down in the Pinnels case which states that no part payment will be a sufficient consideration still prevails. Reference should be drawn of the case of Foakes v Beer. In this matter, it was held by the court that there was no supplementary profit that went from Foakes to Beer. If we could have got proof that certain additional benefit was moving from Foakes to Beer that would have amounted to a sufficient consideration. But, no plausible outcome was stated by the court that could prove towards a sufficient consideration. Hence, it can be very well said that the common law position is very unclear. Further, considering the case of Pao On, we can say that there may be consideration without duress while we evaluate the performance of duty towards a third party while there id legal benefit. Here again the principle laid down in Williams happens to be redundant. The courts in various occasions have taken varied views regarding the applicability of the consideration criteria. While generally, the importance is given to the intention to enter into a legal relationship, consideration has very often been overlooked. The examples of these instances are Chwee Kin Keong v Digilandmall.com Pty Ltd and Edwards v Skyways. The courts in these have laid that the priority should be given to the honour clauses rather than the requirement of consideration. The priority is always given to those circumstances where the contracts are drafted under a seal of the law. If the seal is present, seldom is importance given to the consideration criteria. The doctrine of consideration may seem to be a bit out of track because the intention behind the contract is given much more importance. Advantages and Disadvantages After having analyzed the various alternative approaches taken by the Courts, we shall now evaluate if these options are feasible methods or not. The duress doctrine provides that if any unfair pressure is put on any individual, he cannot be forced to enter into an agreement. If the doctrine of duress is applied in just conditions, then, the weaker party gets a protection under the law. However, in most of the instances, it is often difficult to determine in the specified instances if duress was present or not. Like in the case of Williams v Roffey, the ambiguity has not yet been resolved as to what is a normal commercial pressure and what is an economic duress. In any event, if economic duress is established, it has the effect of overriding consideration, and the contract is held to be invalid. In majority of the situations, the courts look at the presence of duress before validating a contract. Though strict guidelines are absent, the validity of the doctrine is often questioned and this often results in various uncertainties and ambiguities. As in the case of Barton v Armstrong, these clauses, only have the effect of making a contract voidable and not void. Thus, in this respect, we can state that unlike consideration, the duress cannot make a contract void. Hence, from this it is very clear that duress can never be a total replacement for the doctrine of consideration. To replace consideration, there are wider aspects over public policy as well. There are numerable public servants who are likely to misuse the concept for deriving benefits. In such matters, even though the presence of extortion will be low, yet, the additional benefits during the process is likely to have an effect over the performance of the duties. This conflict with the public policy on the face as it is detrimental for the society as well. Hence, to justify the position of the concept of duress, number of cases is required. Since, on the one hand, our society of today is largely dependent on the latest forms of trade and commerce, duress is likely to increase at a steady rate. On the other hand, the situation has not yet become so ripe that the entire concept can be over ridden by the concept of duress. Feasibility Criteria Thus, we can say that precisely, it is very difficult to abolish the consideration criteria in contracts and replace it totally with duress. The alternative of duress is not totally developed and concrete enough so that it can be used as a total replacement. Moreover, the basic role that is played by the concept of duress is very different from the concept of consideration as far as the basis of law is concerned. As the present situation goes, consideration goes at an equal pace with the requirement of duress. Duress in today's era is nothing more but a simple exception that moves parallel to the well established the doctrine of consideration. It is not a valid requirement foe any legal agreement to be termed as a contract and as far as the situation in the present day is in question, it goes very much hand in hand with consideration. The original doctrine of consideration still applies in every single case of contracts. Hence, it can be validly said that this doctrine of duress does not possess a similar threshold of coming at an equal standard of consideration and even if it does, it will become extremely difficult to determine the validity of these contracts in those areas which generally come under the exceptions if the entire concept of consideration is totally removed and detained. Conclusion While we come to write the conclusion in this respect, it can be said that the same may be totally removed but nowhere can it be said to be totally redundant. Considering the changing shape of commercial transactions, we can say that the common law in the upcoming time will evolve out gradually to remove all the redundancies that are present so that the requirements can be met by the society and the situation fits in the puzzle of the pressures of the modern society contracts. There has to be an analysis of many more cases under the common law doctrine to establish a valid jurisprudence in this regard. Since the law develops slower than the pace in which society develops, it should be borne in mind by all of us that the law is likely to suffer from certain imperfections. In order to have a reduction in these imperfections, exceptions do come out but the doctrines that have been considered to be the skeleton of the legal pillar and those which give a shape to the law, should be kept r unning. This is because they have an impact over many of the operations in which the society is till date engaged. The same logic applies over consideration as well. Abolishing the entire concept is likely to create greater chaos and confusion in the legal domain. References Axelsen D and Nielsen L, 'Sufficiency As Freedom From Duress' [2014] J Polit Philos Denning A, 'RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN THE DOCTRINE OF CONSIDERATION' (1952) 15 The Modern Law Review E-lawresources.co.uk, 'Contract Consideration' (2015) accessed 5 August 2015 E-lawresources.co.uk, 'Duress' (2015) accessed 5 August 2015 Enonchong N, Duress, Undue Influence And Unconscionable Dealing (Sweet Maxwell 2006) Ibbetson D, 'DURESS REVISITED' (2005) 64 Cam. Law. J. Inbrief.co.uk, 'Duress And Undue Influence In Contract Law' (2015) accessed 5 August 2015 Mcbridesguides.com, 'Doctrine Of Consideration | Mcbridesguides' (2012) accessed 5 August 2015 Sjol.co.uk, 'Why English Contract Law Should Prohibit Unfair Conduct In Contractual Negotiations By A General Doctrine Of Unconscionability - The Student Journal Of Law' (2015) accessed 5 August 2015 Swain W, 'The Changing Nature Of The Doctrine Of Consideration, 17501850' (2005) 26 The Journal of Legal History Barton v Armstrong [1973] UKPC 2 [1973] UKPC Chwee Kin Keong and Others v Digilandmallcom Pte Ltd [2005] SGCA 2 [2005] SGCA Edwards v Skyways [1964] 1 WLR 349 (1964) 1 WLR Foakes v Beer [1884] UKHL Pao On v Lau Yiu Long [1979] UKPC 2 [1979] UKPC Re Selectmove Ltd [1993] EWCA Sea-Land Service Inc v Cheong Fook Chee Vincent (1994) 3 SLR 631 (1994) 3 SLR Williams v Roffey Bros and Nicholls (Contractors) Ltd (1990) 1 All ER A. T. Denning, 'RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN THE DOCTRINE OF CONSIDERATION' (1952) 15 The Modern Law Review. Williams v Roffey Bros and Nicholls (Contractors) Ltd (1990) 1 All ER. Sea-Land Service Inc v Cheong Fook Chee Vincent (1994) 3 SLR 631 (1994) 3 SLR. Warren Swain, 'The Changing Nature Of The Doctrine Of Consideration, 17501850' (2005) 26 The Journal of Legal History. Mcbridesguides.com, 'Doctrine Of Consideration | Mcbridesguides' (2012) accessed 5 August 2015. David V. Axelsen and Lasse Nielsen, 'Sufficiency As Freedom From Duress' [2014] J Polit Philos. Nelson Enonchong, Duress, Undue Influence And Unconscionable Dealing (Sweet Maxwell 2006). E-lawresources.co.uk, 'Duress' (2015) accessed 5 August 2015. David Ibbetson, 'DURESS REVISITED' (2005) 64 Cam. Law. J. Re Selectmove Ltd [1993] EWCA. E-lawresources.co.uk, 'Contract Consideration' (2015) accessed 5 August 2015. Foakes v Beer [1884] UKHL. Inbrief.co.uk, 'Duress And Undue Influence In Contract Law' (2015) accessed 5 August 2015. Pao On v Lau Yiu Long [1979] UKPC 2 [1979] UKPC. Chwee Kin Keong and Others v Digilandmallcom Pte Ltd [2005] SGCA 2 [2005] SGCA. Edwards v Skyways [1964] 1 WLR 349 (1964) 1 WLR. Barton v Armstrong [1973] UKPC 2 [1973] UKPC. Sjol.co.uk, 'Why English Contract Law Should Prohibit Unfair Conduct In Contractual Negotiations By A General Doctrine Of Unconscionability - The Student Journal Of Law' (2015) accessed 5 August 2015.

Obeying Lawful Orders free essay sample

In knowing this I will be sure not to repeat this incident I feel the biggest problem is myself I am still trying to adapt to the army life and it is getting a little easier as the days go by I really don’t like being the jacked up soldier and I plan on changing and I plan on doing what I am told when I’m told so I can avoid getting caught up in something I cant get out of. The only way I want out of the army is either with an honorable discharge or to do my time, and I understand that I signed a contract and raised my right hand and made an oath to my country to protect and serve no matter what the cost, so I will do so by obeying all of the article to the best of my ability. I wish to pursue my Army career to the maximum amount of time possible. We will write a custom essay sample on Obeying Lawful Orders or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I hope to do at least 20 years time in service but I will most likely stay in longer. This job makes me feel proud and I really do not want to lose it. Now that I have gotten into trouble I fully understand the severity of obeying an order from the higher ups and I will do my best not to get myself into this predicament again because I would rather not lose what little rank I do have. I can not afford to lose that because I am struggling now trying to help myself with my financial situations and if I was to lose that I’m not sure what I would do to make up that money that I would be losing as of right now E-3 base pay is 1501. 20 and E-2 pay is 1427. 40 and E-1 pay is 1178. 10 that is a huge difference in pay that is more than a 200 dollar difference that I defiantly can not afford to lose so I will be sure to straighten out my act so I do not lose that money. This will conclude my 2400 word essay.

Red Hen Case Study Essays

Red Hen Case Study Essays Red Hen Case Study Paper Red Hen Case Study Paper Red Hen Baking Company Red Hen Baking Company Case Study Company profile Randy George established Red Hen Baking Company in 1999. Red Hen Baking Company specializes in artisan bread and their mission is â€Å"to produce premium quality breads and pastries with traditional methods and carefully selected high quality ingredients. To do this while striving to minimize our impact on the environment, to support the growers and producers of our ingredients, and to provide the finest baked goods and service to our customers† (Our Mission). Red Hen Baking Company is able to achieve their mission by marketing their baked goods within 100 miles of the bakery and by delivering every day to stores and restaurants in the delivery area. Problem Opportunities Red Hen Baking Company is currently located in a building that is not suited for a bakery and the space is very limited. The building has low ceilings and it is too small to design an efficient production process. The current bakery only has a capacity limit of 2200 loaves of bread a day. In 2006 Randy George began to realize that he would soon need a larger location in order to keep up with the demand of his current customers. RHB’s business is seasonal. Holiday weekends see increased sales, often reaching their daily limit of 2200 loaves. The sales in the first half of 2007 are already 35% higher than sales during this same period in 2006 and days where production cannot meet demand are expected to increase in number. George would like to house the bakery in a new location that has high ceilings and is about twice the size of the Duxbury location. He would then be able to install a more efficient oven and design a more efficient production process. He would also be able to produce 3300 loaves on a daily basis, giving him ample room for growth. George also wants a location where he can sell breads and pastries directly to retail customers. If he adds pastries to his menu, George knows that he will have to hire a baker with pastry experience. George also knew that the ingredient cost will rise due to the cost of ingredients used in organic pastries. What has been a 15% cost could now be 25%. The problem George is facing involves the substantial costs involved with a move like this. Altogether, the build-out, the oven, and other moving expenses would cost about $300,000. The rent will also be about four times as much as the current rent expense at the Duxbury location, which comes to an additional $58,000 annually. He wonders whether the opportunity for growth is worth the financial strain. Relevant Credible Information Since the case is somewhat incomplete with no inclusion of a balance sheet to aid in decision making, we will instead base our proposed course of action on the information provided by the income statement. We are also taking into account the additional assumptions provided by the professor. Our analysis is based on financial ideas and information discussed in class, found in the text, and learned in previous classes. Assumptions * Assuming the current debt carries an interest rate of 12. 0% with current payments of $2,212 per month with an outstanding balance as of 06/30/2007 is $34,360. * The attached spreadsheet shows an amortization table which breaks down interest and principal for current debt. We found remaining months for the table by performing a present value calculation for the outstanding balance of $34,360. * Red Hen can take on additional debt as long as the EBITDA/Loan Payments is 3. 5x or greater. Assume any new loan will be at 9% and will be a 10-year amortizing loan. From our calculations, we assume that George is able to take on the new debt. * An amortization table was created for this new debt. We wanted to find an amount for the loan payment that could be plugged into the Debt Service Coverage Ratio (EBITDA/Loan Principal + Interest Expense). From the Income Statement on the spreadsheet, we have EBITD for January through June of 2007. Red Hen’s ratio before taking on the expansion is 5. 20, which is much higher than the required minimum of 3. 5. Analysis Our analysis attempts to answer the question, â€Å"What are the things a company must consider when analyzing a new investment or project? † According to the text, a firm’s first object ive when deciding to take on new debt should be that its return on net assets (RONA) should be greater than its weighted average cost of capital (WACC). Since we are working with an income statement only and do not have an amount for net assets, we will instead use return on invested capital (ROIC), which measures how well a company is using its money to generate returns. Comparing a companys return on capital (ROIC)  with its cost of capital (WACC) reveals whether invested capital was used effectively. From our spreadsheet calculations we see that using our estimated operating profit provides us with a 19. 9% return on invested capital with only a 7. 2% weighted average cost for that same capital. If these numbers are even close to correct, George should definitely make the move. The actual numbers will differ from what has been estimated here, of course. Not all of the expenses will increase by 30% in response to 30% growth. Many of the expenses listed are fixed and do not change in relation to changes in production levels. Expenses that do change in this way would most likely be in the cost of goods sold section of the income statement. Depreciation will markedly increase with expansion. This has been accounted for on the income statement. As a tool for analysis, however, I have chosen to add a 30% markup to all other expenses that are specifically mentioned in the case study. Rent expense, interest expense, and depreciation have each been increased in accordance with information found in this article. What we see here is that the opportunity for expansion should be taken. George seems to be in good shape to make the move and should excel at the new location. Alternative Courses of Action An alternative decision George could make would be to not move from his current location. If George decided to stay in his cramped and inefficient facility, growth of RHB would not be able to support the demand of the customers. According to the analysis, RHB would increase sales at a consistent 30% annual rate. Staying in the same location, George would not experience the rapid growth in profit. In the long run, George would continue to have a steady base line of sales staying in the current location. Our Mission. (2011). Retrieved from redhenbaking. com/ Preve, Lorenzo and Virginia Sarria-Allende. Working Capital Management. New York: Oxford University Press, 2010. Return on Invested Capital. Retrieved November 3, 2011 from http://news. morningstar. com/classroom2/course. asp? docId=145095;page=9;CN=COM [ 1 ]. See spreadsheet and note cell formula in formula bar. Oven is estimated to last seven years and building twenty. For simplicity, no salvage value was considered. [ 2 ]. Rent expense was expected to increase by $58,000 a year. Half of that amount has been added to the $12,000 they would have paid at the Duxbury location. Interest expense came from amortization tables.

ABOUT CULTURE( ANTROPOLOGY) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

ABOUT CULTURE( ANTROPOLOGY) - Essay Example Gender-roles were defined as expectations regarding the proper behaviour, attitudes and activities of males and females. The application of traditional gender roles leads to many differentiation between men and women. Both sexes are physically capable of leaning to cook and sew, yet most western societies determine that these tasks should be performed by women. Both men and women are capable of learning to weld metal and fly airplanes but these functions are generally assigned to males. All of us can describe the traditional gender-role patterns which have been influential in the socialization of children and the United States. Male babies get blue blankets while females get pink one. Boys are expected to play with trucks, blocks and toy soldiers; girls are given dolls and kitchen goods. Boys must be masculine – active, aggressive, tough, daring and dominant – whereas girls must be feminine – soft, emotional, sweet and submissive. Boys are socialized to think that they are invulnerable, fearless, decisive and even emotionless in some situations. These are difficult standards to meet; yet, for boys who does not â€Å"measure up† life can be trying. This is especially true for boys who show an interest in activities thought of as feminine such as cooking or for those who do not enjoy traditional masculine activities such as competitive sports. Women are portrayed to be more religious and spiritual. They are the ones who continuously ask for divine guidance when the family experiences suffering or hardships. Aside from this, women are also depicted to be very keen in keeping up with the traditions or rituals required of their religion. In any society, gender socialization and stratification requires not only individual socialization into traditional gender roles within the family, but also the promotion and support of these traditional roles by other social institutions such as religion and education. Moreover, even with all the major

Reflective report about Mc Libel film Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Reflective report about Mc Libel film - Essay Example There are allegations that the meals could cause cancer and heart diseases. Actions and inactions by the McDonalds will render unsustainability of the coming generation. This can be in the view of the meeting of shortly needs. Keenly one can notice the topic on trade unions and wages of the workers. In the film, there is the aspect of cruelty towards the animals and the involvement into deforestation by the accused company. Vividly, the use of the term Libel as part of the name of the movie it simply to mean defamation. Defamation by libel is through publish, the publish can either be via articles or visual and/or oral in media (Corporate Governance, 2013). In that little shedding, it is where the completely libelous emanates. Legislations of the cases To recap on what trademark is, it is any a sign of any design that can be capable of representation graphically and show the distinction of one’s goods and services from hose of the other (Trade Marks Act 1994). The infringing t hat the company will face through the recognition of its trademark is if the hypothetical persons in the society who have perceived the diction dispensed from the leaflets and other effective sources of information is that they will shun from the products tagged with the previously mentioned trademark. In the definition given it is clear that when one encounters a trademark, there are high chances there will be reflections of the company, organization or the corporation. When the trademark of a company presented by a product and mentioned to be faulty, it does reflect the reputation of the company (Bettig, 2006 p. 34). Questions raised are that of; was it aware and ignored? Was the company not aware? Does the company do this kind of defects often? In light of the questions then the image of the company will have taint. As portrayed in â€Å"Mc Lean† the leaflets accompanied enormous statements that the McDonald has found them to be malicious therefore terming them to be of li belous nature which may hamper their normal business running (World Trade Organization, 2013). The statements had not affirmation of any legal sort hence they were libelous in nature thus affecting the image of the company. The Judiciary gives remedies after asking for the leave of the court. The applicant must prove that delaying and/or refusing of the judiciary to grant him the remedy will make him suffer irreparable damages. The remedy can be in form of writs or receive indemnity on the pecuniary damages. The Trademark Act 1994 of Britain states as follows: in the instances where a person suffers any infringement, he will have relief by way of injections, accounts, and damages or any other remedy available for him thus in relation to infringement of any intellectual property The allegations made against the aforementioned company are- The meals were a health risk to the long-term users. The advertisements made were misrepresenting people whereby the information under display when the advertisements made is that they were nutritious. The children were under exploitation by the advertisements made these was evident in the occasions that clowns were used to impress children and to showcase that McDonald’s is the place they ought to be buying their favorite foods (Joseph, Fan, Stuart, Gillan & Xin 2010, p. 34). They were cruel towards animals this is about the animal rights therefore; the critics were of the opinion that the company did not meet animal rights regulations (Lyn-Mar 2011). They were not

Counselling Psychotherapy Theories Applied | Case Study

Counselling Psychotherapy Theories Applied | Case Study Case Study: Vignette II Bella. H. T. Lam Theories Systems in Counselling Psychotherapy My client Scott, who is a 19 years old male, have lost his father for nine months because of the lung cancer. The major problem revealed by his mum was he had become quite and stayed aloof when he is at home. During the previous sessions, he was just looking downward and fidgeting with his figures. Brief answers are always appeared when I am asking some open questions. However, he thought he need help and agreed to have change when I told to close the session. To begin with, I may like to analyze some of his behaviors so as to develop an effective section for him. From his mother, I knew that he has become quite and aloof after his father died this maybe one of the action, which he was trying to avoid his real feeling. Also, it might have a chance that Scoff does not know how to cope with his own feeling about his father’s death. Moreover, in between our conversation he usually gives me brief answers or sometimes remains silent in account to the mistrust of people or some energy blockage suggested by Gestalt, this turned out he does not want to answer question, sharing his feeling or he does not know how to answer. Without eye contact and fidgeting finger were also the gestures related to his mistrust or lose of love and belongingness needs. Therefore, in the coming session I hope to build a trust-worthy relationship with Scott so as to allow him to share the real feeling with me. Furthermore, helping Scott to face, express, aware a nd cope with his feeling are also my targets. Progressive Muscle Relaxation I would choose the progressive muscle relaxation to start with the counselling session. As Scott mentioned that he got headache sometimes since his father was died on the previous session. I think temporary headache was one of the psychosomatic symptom. The process of relaxing muscle and mental tension in the progressive muscle relaxation may help client to cope with chronic pain and the frequency of migraine attacks which is related to the stress or anxiety.(Ferguson Sgambati , 2008) Despite, Scott does not feel stress or anxiety, he behaves silent and aloof when he is at home might in account to his stress or anxiety. In the section, I may give instructions to Scott to teach him relax. Then, ask Scott to breathe deeply and regularly so as to relax his muscle. Try to feel the muscle when they are tensioned. Then he would asked to relax his muscle from the head then neck and shoulder to the back until the lower limbs. During the time of relaxation he is asked to try getting rid of the mental problem and feel the contrast between relax mode and tension mode. He could learn to become relax if he keep practicing this action daily. And this would become the habitual behavior in his daily life. Progressive muscle relaxation could be use with any other approach easily and can practice daily by the client. This might help Scott to learn how to relax and improve his daily living when he is feeling stress or anxiety. This practice not only relaxing his muscle but also his mental. ( Davis,1980) Expressive Art Therapy The next stage I would like to use expressive art therapy so as to help Scott to express his feeling. Since Scott can only answer brief answer when I asked open question I suggest that he did not know how to express his owns thing verbally or it might because he did not aware his owns’ problems so he cannot express himself when I am asking him questions. While expressive art therapy is found by Natalie Rogers, it uses various artistic forms, for example, creating movement, writing a journal, playing music as a media to help people to express his emotion. N, Roger explained that â€Å"This is a multimodal approach integrating mind, body, emotion and inner spiritual resources.†(N, Rogers, 1993,) Thereby, expressive art therapy let people to look at its unconscious mind and express some unknown or new information. â€Å"This is also a self-discovery and healing process.† (N, Rogers, 1993)This may allowed Scott to express his emotion in order to have more understandi ng about his unconscious mind. In this section, I would prepare some percussion instruments to Scott, allowing him to express his feeling by music improvisation. I would ask him to think of some scenarios and try to use different instruments to represent or reflect that scenario. This may help him to aware and express his emotion himself and give me further information about his emotion. I think this is a suitable way for Scott as he did not answer a open question easily, using a different way like playing music maybe give him another way to express himself. Nevertheless, Person-Centered therapy is the key features of Expressive Art therapy while they are also emphasis the relationships between the client and therapist. (N, Rogers, 1993) Therefore, I would like to build a trust -worthy relationship with my client using the knowledge of Person-centered therapy before I started the Expressive Art Therapy. Person-Centred Therapy Other than not knowing how to express his own emotion, Scott answering question in a very brief way might also because he does not want to share his real feeling. According to the Carl Roger’s Person-centered Therapy, relationship between client and therapist was very significant for the treatment. As if the clients feel that his feelings are understood by the counselor might support the clients’ desire to change. (Roger, 1961) The Person-centered Therapy suggested the three main ways to develop a good relationships with the client. Including Congruence, Unconditional Positive Regard and Empathic Understanding. (Cain, 2010 ) Being congruence means that the therapist should express truly with his emotion, attitudes, thoughts when they are interacting with the client. Providing unconditional positive regard means is caring the client as a true person, while the caring without any criteria or judgments. (Koldon, Klein, Wang, Austin,2011) According to Rogers’s (1961) research, the more caring the clients got, the more success of the therapy would be. While empathic understanding is to share the subjective view by the experience’s that the client’s mentioned. After this Scott can identify his own goal by himself. So as to provide these three conditions, I would like to chat with Scott with more caring, sometimes give some restatements of what he just said to show my empathic understanding, express my true feeling and attitude when we are chatting. Also, giving a sense to him that I would support him no matter what he decide or think. After this kind of interaction I might build a better or trust-worthy relationship with Scott and give the love and belongingness needs that enable him to share his real feeling to me and he will tell me more rather than just answer me a short answer or refuses to answer me. Moreover, the rarely eye contact with counselor may deal to his unsafety feeling. During this Personal centered therapy, I would provide him a safe environment which can let him feel safe and willing to have eye contact with other and less fidgeting. The final aim of this treatment is to allow him to express himself, trust himself by providing him concern and care, I could act as a facilitato r to allow him to be independent and integration which leads him able to cope with his life’s issue like the dilemma of his father’s death. In addition, this therapy is suitable for people who is open and ready for change since Scott agree to see the counselor and admitted he need helps reflect that he is ready and open to have some changes.(Corey, 2013) However, Person-centered therapy was an unstructured therapy which is difficult to estimate the duration needs for this treatment. The only way is to recognize how the client’s know about himself and helping him to come up with his own plan. Therefore I would like to spend more time in this treatment before moving to the next part. Gestalt Therapy The next treatment I would like to use is the Gestalt therapy. Although we have used the Expressive Art therapy so as to bring up Scott awareness to himself, it might not enough because the art therapy more focuses on expressing the emotion and feeling. To further bring up his awareness of his own feeling I would like to assist him to attain greater awareness which includes knowing the environment, oneself also make contact with their awareness by using the Gestalt therapy.(Ploster Ploster, 1973) Apart from expressing his emotion, aware and face his own emotion is also my concern. In Gestalt therapy, it mainly focuses on where the energy used or blocked, the here and now which allow client to fully experience the â€Å"now† also the unfinished business which the figure is lined inside the ground and not completely solved and come with some unexpressed feeling.(Ploster, 1973) While blocking energy is another form of defense behavior suggested by Gestalt. In Scott cases, looking away from counselor when they are chatting, mention only a few is also the behavior of blocking energy. (Corey, 2013)When Scott staying at home quietly and aloof are examples of that he cannot express his own feeling and cause unfinished business. His father has died for nine months but he changed his behavior started from his father death to now that represent Scott is still struggling with the past experiences as Gestalt therapist recognized that the past would come to the present’s moment is usually the lack of completion of the past experience.(Corey, 2013 ) While in this treatment I would encourage Scott to experiences his own blocking energy gesture and allow him to know what is he struggling and accept it. Also trying to bring his feeling from the past to present and know that he can make a change of situation. I would choose the Reversal exercise and Exaggeration exercise for Scott. For reversal exercise, I would ask him try to look at me and stop fidgeting with his figure for a minute when we are chatting, to let him to accept what he is doing. After that, I would ask him to stay silent for longer time which to exaggerate his behavior. (Feder Frew, 2008) From this behavior he can try to interpret his inner feeling when he is keeping silent. The gestalt therapy have much explanation about the importance human’s gesture and language which would be suitable for Scott which have more gesture and less words to aware his feeling via body languages. Conclusion In this session there might be used four treatment, The progressive muscle relaxation, Person-centred therapy, Expressive art therapy and the Gestalt therapy. The progressive muscle relaxation might want to help the client improve his psychosomatic illness like headache. While the person-centred therapy is aim at building a trust-worthy relationship with the client in order to let him to share me more with his own’s emotion and my caring may let him to identify his own goal and the willing of changes. Expressive art therapy may like to cope with his difficulties of expressing his own feeling when I am asking some open question. Furthermore, the gestalt therapy would like to help client to aware with his gesture like refuse having eye contact with other so as to relate his gesture to his feeling and let him to pay attention to. References Cain, D. (2010). Person-centered psychotherapies. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. Corey, G. (2013). Theory and practice of counseling and psychotherapy (9th ed.). Belmont, CA: Cengage. Davis, J. (1980). Progressive Muscle Relaxation. In The effects of progressive muscle relaxation upon breathing and anxiety in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Madison: University of Wisconsin. Feder, B., Frew, J. (Eds.).(2008).Beyond the hot seat revisited: Gestalt approaches to group. New Orleans: Gestalt institute Press. Ferguson, K.E., Sgambati, R. E. (2008) Relaxation. In W.O’Donohue J.E.Fisher (Eds.), Cognitive behavior therapy: Applying empirically supported techniques in your practice(2nd ed.,pp.434-444). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. Koldon,G.G., Klein, M. H.,Wang, C., Austin, S.B.(2011). Congruence/genuineness. In J.C. Norcross (Ed.), Psychotherapy relationships that work: Evidence-based responsiveness (2nd ed., pp. 187-202). New York: Oxford University Press. Polster,E., Polster, M. (1973). Gestalt therapy integrated: Contours of theory and practice. New York : Brunner/Mazel. Rogers, C. (1961). A therapists view of psychotherapy. In On becoming a person. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. Rogers, N. (1993). The creative connection. In The creative connection: Expressive arts as healing. Palo Alto, Calif.: Science Behavior Books.

Interracial Marriage in Shakespeare’s Othello Essay

Racial prejudice against the outsiders existed during the Elizabethan Age and Shakespeare attempted to create a parallel world in his tragedy Othello, The Moor of Venice where he captures a wide array of reactions towards a Black Muslim by the white majority Christians in Venice. The racial discrimination has been latent in their minds for a long period and the interracial marriage of Othello and Desdemona acts as a catalyst resulting in a volcanic eruption like calamity in the society through a prototype villain Iago. The institution of marriage is often looked at as a means of enhancing the bond within a community and when an outsider attempts to become a part of a closed community then he is perceived as an intruder. This essay explores the tumultuous reaction of the society through Iago towards the interracial marriage of Othello and Desdemona. Human beings, once accustomed to a particular pattern, will find it extremely difficult to alter the same. Othello, the Black Moor with physical and cultural difference in the state of Venice has risen to the position of the army general through his meticulous and painstaking hard work. Iago, the vicious villain has developed an aversion towards Othello because of his Moorish background and it is intensified when Cassio is promoted to the position of lieutenant, overlooking Iago. Iago also suspects an illicit relation between his wife Emilia and Othello. So he vows to bring the downfall of Othello and takes the interracial marriage as the ripe opportunity to avenge Othello. He instigates Brabantio, father of Desdemona to bring Othello under trial for luring his daughter. Brabantio openly condemns Othello’s marriage with his daughter and accuses that the marriage is â€Å"maimed and most imperfect† (1. 3, 99) and â€Å"Against all rules of nature† (1. 3, 101). Further he strongly suspects that Othello has used magic potions on Desdemona and exploited her innocence by pushing her to run from her home to â€Å"to the sooty bosom / Of such a thing as thou – to fear, not to delight† (1. 2, 70-71). Brabantio thus overtly expresses his racist views before the Duke because he is basically a Venetian who is obsessed with racial prejudice and it is so blatantly displayed because he learns that his daughter has fallen for the Moor from Roderigo, the half-wit consumed by lust for Desdemona and Iago, where the later has hidden his identity and has expressed their love affair in the most obscene language as possible. Iago states, â€Å"†¦you’ll / Have your daughter covered with a Barbary horse† (1. 1, 111-112) and â€Å"I am one, sir, that comes to tell you your daughter / And the Moor are now making the beast with two backs. 1. 1, 116-117). As Elizabeth Beaudin notes, â€Å"The language Iago and Roderigo use to incite the senator’s anger is clearly prejudiced; they refer to Othello as ‘an old black ram,’ a ‘Barbary horse,’ and a ‘lascivious Moor’ (13). The racist remarks of Iago and Roderigo against Othello reflect the prejudice that existed in the society when a Black Moor holds a better position in the society be it in military, society or the heart of a woman. Both Iago and Roderigo refer to Othello as an animal, thick-lipped, uneducated, and crude, and never call him by his name in private. Othello is enquired about the charges levied by Brabantio and the Moor responds that their love is mutual which has been nurtured through conversation. He states that â€Å"She loved me for the dangers I had pass’d, / And I loved her that she did pity them† (1. 3, 167-168). The Duke is one of the few characters in the play who trusts that the love affair is beyond the narrow lanes of racism and approves their marriage. When both the lovers are found to be in a state of complete bliss Iago remarks, â€Å"O, you are well tuned now! / But I’ll set down the pegs that make this music, / As honest as I am. (2. 1, 199-201). Iago swears to loosen the pegs in order to bring about a disharmony in their relationship. Mussari rightly states, â€Å"From the opening scene the interracial marriage between Othello and Desdemona colors all aspects of the play. Race also provides further motivation for the resentful Iago to destroy the general’s happiness. † (40-41). Iago strongly believes that Desdemona’s love for the Moor is nothing but an unnatural sexual desire and schemes in the most scrupulous manner to infuse jealousy in place of love in the mind of Othello. Earlier Othello believed that Desdemona loved him for his adventures and he not being a chamberer. But under the poisonous influence of Iago Othello believes that it is the very same quality that has made her leave him. â€Å"†¦ for I am black / And have not those soft parts of conversation / That chamberers have, or for I am declined† (3. 3, 263-265) Iago is extremely sly and a master puppeteer who brings almost everyone under his dominion. He convinces Roderigo that h can win Desdemona’s love only by procuring gifts for her and gains monetary benefits from him. Cassio also blindly believes him and thinks that Iago is striving hard to regain Cassio’s lost position. The seeds of jealousy are sown in the minds of Othello and it has deep-rooted in him. He has made a thorough analysis of Othello’s nature and produces the ocular proof for his wife’s infidelity. Iago is unable to stomach the fact that Othello is not only the supreme commander of the arms but has won the heart of a white Venetian woman. He is absolutely hostile to this interracial marriage and longs to dissolve the marriage at any cost. Roderigo, Cassio and his wife Emilia are made as pawns who unknowingly play a crucial role in disrupting the harmonious relationship between Othello and Desdemona. Iago goes to the extent of inventing an accusation that his wife is committing adultery with Othello. â€Å"†¦ Twixt my sheets / he’s done my office† (1. 3, 380-381). Othello and Desdemona unlike many other lovers establish a mature relationship in the beginning and are convinced that they share a mutual bond of love and affection. But it is not just the jealousy of Othello that plays a spoilsport. The racial incompatibility is internalized in every human being because humans are essentially social beings and hence are used to living in a homogeneous environment. The sudden intrusion may shock a majority section of the society like Brabantio, Iago and Roderigo. But a few may develop an initial fascination towards this heterogeneity like Desdemona. Desdemona herself is convinced that there is something unnatural about her love for Othello. She fails to understand Othello completely because of the cultural and racial differences that existed between them. She had once remarked that she fears looking at such blackness as in Othello which is reaffirmed by Othello when Iago states, â€Å"seem’d to shake and fear your looks† (3. 3, 207). Both Desdemona and Othello are initially drawn to each other because of their physical appearance but later this difference of Black and White creates a gap between them. Othello is appalled â€Å"not only because Desdemona corrupts herself ut because her ‘blackness’ confirms his† (Berry, 328). The interracial marriage, no doubt, intensifies the race-related social tensions and the society is completely turned into a chaotic environment. The reaction of the racially prejudiced society has been extremely intense because, the interracial relationship has matured to the level of married. If Iago had carried out such frenzied beastly act before Othello and Desdemona had married, it would have lead to the separation of the lovers. But the interracial marriage has mounted such an apprehension both in the society and the couple. Hence every other Venetian was easily exploited by Iago and Othello himself easily succumbed to the pressures of Iago. Being married, Othello is convinced that he could restore his honor only by killing his wife who is believed to have cuckolded him. To conclude, Shakespeare has illustrated that the dearth of a society is certain when a racial incompatibility exists in the society. The interracial marriage of Othello and Desdemona may have survived a little longer if Iago has not intervened because Iago has just acted as a catalyst and speedup the dissolution of the marriage. The love affair between Othello and Desdemona was purely emotional but the moment they enter into the institution of marriage, it definitely has to withstand the whirlwinds of the society. An interracial marriage is perceived as a threat to the integrity of the society and hence it is rarely welcomed. Within such a hostile environment, it is truly a challenge for the couple to uphold their marital relationship in which both Othello and Desdemona fail miserably as they easily yield to the pressures of the society in the guise of Iago.

Adults with Learning Difficulties Essay

â€Å"People with Learning Difficulties are unique individuals with their own likes and dislikes, history and opinions. They have the same rights as everybody else† To begin my assignment I will be discussing the history of social exclusion in relation to people with l’earning difficulties/disabilities . I will then outline process of Social work and in particular I will be focusing on intervention and how intervention has been used in relation to my chosen case study. In addition to this I will pay attention to a number of key issues in relation to society’s views on people with Learning Difficulties. I will also be discussing what Laws, Policies and Practices have been implemented to protect people with learning difficulties from oppression and discrimination and how effective these Laws have actually been in assisting people with Learning Difficulties to live the life they choose to live. During the late 19th century in particular, socially excluding people with learning disabilities was particularly inherent. At the time, those with ‘mental deficiencies’ were regarded as degenerates, and would often be blamed for social problems such as crime and poverty. This in turn led to the removal and institutionalisation of people thought to be ‘feeble minded’ and those referred to as ‘idiots’. Wolf Wolfensberger first published his thoughts about normalisation in 1972, through his works ‘The principle of Normalization in human service’. Wolfensberger argued that many of the problems with the institutions arose from the way in which they were designed and run. The residents of these institutions were treated like numbers rather than individuals, losing their identity and also their dignity. They were often regarded as primitive, uncontrollable and unable to be educated. The basic ideas and aims of the principles of normalisation have aimed to advocate community-based support for people with learning disabilities, whilst moving away from institutionalisation. But one of the most apparent obstacles in achieving this has been the attitude of those in the ‘community’ towards people with learning disabilities. Up to this point Social workers were still using the â€Å"tick box format† when conducting assessments and the medical model of practice was used which resulted in oppression of the service user. It was not until the NHS and community care Act and the community care (Direct Payments) Act was implemented in 1990’s that the attitudes towards people with Learning Difficulties began to improve along with the balance in power between Social Workers and Service Users. Further implementations of legal frameworks, policies and practices such as Valuing People 2001 and the Mental Capacity Act have helped to improve Social Work practice and in turn protect the rights of vulnerable people whilst promoting Anti-Discriminator practice, Social role valorisation and normalisation. Today’s process of Social Work consists of five key stages. These are Assessment, Deciding on outcomes, Planning, Intervention and Evaluation. Inter professional working should be placed centrally throughout all stages of the social work process in order to achieve the best possible outcome for the service user. Once the service users initial assessment has been carried out, decisions can then be made regarding the individuals overall needs and also their eligibility to receive funding for care packages and/or direct payments. Intervention can differ according to setting, but when looking at the intervention process for people with learning difficulties working in partnership and respecting the service user’s expertise is vital when putting agreed plans into action. This aspect of the intervention process can be linked to the exchange model as this approach promotes Anti Discriminatory Practice by empowering the service user to help make decisions about their future wellbeing. It also meets the expectations of the service user that social workers are respecting their expertise. Milner and Obrien 2002) During the intervention process it is the duty of the care manager/social worker to ensure that services provided are meeting the required standards and that the care is co-ordinated successfully to prevent deterioration due to gaps or lapses in care. It is also the responsibility of the care manager to ensure that services users are not excluded from services or receiving care that is of poor quality by constantly checking for discrimination stereotypes and assumptions made during the social work process. It is at this point that the intervention process can be linked with the objectives of Social role Valorisation; the objectives being to prevent people from attaining negative social roles and to promote positive valued roles in the first place. Work to reverse, or at least reduce the impact of existing negative roles and promote positive valued roles. The two key processes od social role valorisation are to enhance the social image of vulnerable people and to enhance their competencies. Social workers are expected to monitor and review intervention lans on a regular basis. Because of this it is vital that these plans can be changed at any time to suit the needs of the individual. When changes are made it is important that other organisations involved are kept up to date with these changes to ensure that the plan remains co-ordinated and effective. Although this theory of intervention illustrates a person centred approach, there is evidence to suggest that people with learning difficulties are still being failed by society due to standardisation and computerisation which can also be known as the â€Å"tick box format†. There are also many instances where there is an incorrect assessment of finances during the initial assessment process, due to the focus on resources available rather than needs. This can lead to the service user being denied access to services that they are entitled to. When looking at my case study Gemma, she has successfully been integrated into society after a comprehensive process of assessment, planning and intervention has been completed to form a person centred care package that suits her needs as an individual with profound and multiple learning difficulties, but also as a young woman who is a human being. The implementation of policies such as Valuing People 2001 and Valuing People Now promotes personalisation within society and has given people with Learning Disabilities like Gemma the right to their own independence, choice and inclusion. Also to have the option of appointing an advocate. However, I cannot help but feel that her story of success was down to the sheer determination of her mother, who had to fight for her daughters individual needs to be met. Social Workers and other multi professionals who were involved in assessment of Gemma’s needs obviously felt that she would have benefited from institutionalisation, as it is stated that this was suggested as a future plan on numerous occasions. I cannot help but wonder whether this has been due to professionals focusing on Gemma’s disability rather than focusing on her as a person. Valuing people 2001 states that the role of services is to help people no matter how complexed their disability, to live full and equal lives in their local communities. Although the article states that ideas for Gemma to live as independently as possible were well received and finally implemented, It is also obvious that there have been constant struggles to obtain funding such as direct payments to accommodate Gemma’s visions to live a normal life within her community. Following Wolfensbergers development of Social Role Valorisation, Obrien developed the five service accomplishments, which provided a practical framework to work towards Social Role Valorisation. Obrien suggests â€Å"Each accomplishment supports a vital dimension of human experience which common practice limits for people with severe Learning Disabilities. They challenge and strengthen the relationship between people with disabilities and other community members. (Obrien 1989) Recent articles published on the community care website have suggested that social workers themselves are witnessing the target-driven culture of bureaucracy within councils (just like Gemmas mum experienced ),and are aware that this has created numerous barriers to people with mental health problems gaining access to direct payments. It has been reported that a Social Work Team Manager within Adults with Learning Disabilities actually left her role at Doncaster Council in 2010 because she had encountered these problems and felt that it hindered the intervention process. She has since started up her own Personalisation Forum Group to bring these service users together. The weekly meetings at a community centre now attract 30 regulars, providing support and regular socialising opportunities. I utilise my social work skills to help the group solve the problems that they face; this involves reducing dependency on professionals by highlighting people’s strengths, and encouraging them to think through solutions on their own and with other group members. People describe feeling part of something, like they have some power over their own future and many for the first time can see something positive,† Hicks says. Michelle Lefevre, senior lecturer in social work at the University of Sussex, says it is a â€Å"sad indictment† that Hicks felt she had to leave local authority social work to build such meaningful relationships with users. Not only is local government overly focused on administration rather than spending time with children and families, she says, but problems in social work degree programmes and supervision mean practitioners are not equipped to deal with the emotional dimensions of the job. Overall it is very refreshing to read success stories like Gemma’s as it seems that she is living her live as independently as possible, whilst being supported by a dedicated team of people who are constantly ensuring that she is receiving person centred care and that her wishes remain central. It is my only hope that in the future it will not require a loving parent to fight the rights of a service user and to overcome hurdle after hurdle to receive the funding and care package they are rightful entitled to, but that the service user will be granted access to the services and funding they are eligible for with ease.