Social Innovation and the Role of Leadership Research Paper

Social Innovation and the Role of Leadership - Research Paper Example To the extent inside legitimacy of the distributed article is concerned, it is again substantial as there are various references utilized inside the article. The pre-owned references in the paper are refered to inside the paper. The writers of the article utilize side notes and end notes to allude and clarify any thoughts or composed substance that needs depiction, which makes the article simple to follow. The references remembered for the paper separate in their substance type as they are from books, diaries and web libraries. Their distribution dates are before 2007 as 2007 is simply the time of the article. The authors have consolidated the composed substance from various timescales so as to gather various assessments about social advancement as an expansive term. Toward the finish of the article, nonetheless, a references segment is missing that ought to be a piece of scholarly composition. Just an area with the name of further perusing recommendations can be discovered that educ ates that the perusers regarding the article can go for extra readings on the off chance that they are keen regarding the matter of the paper. Alongside side notes and end noticed, a different references area ought to be given toward the end that is inadequate in the paper. Language of the article is enlightening and basic as the thoughts and speculations depicted by the scholars are simpler to follow and appreciate. The focused on perusers of the article are individuals identified with business, innovation, human science and different fields, youth and every others too. The article discusses improvement of social orders and their issues so it can't be limited to a particular crowd of gathering of individuals. This article is composed for a more extensive crowd. The arrangement of the article is clear and formal as the perusers can note appropriate headings with end notes and side notes alongside models that are illustrative. As the title of the article is social development, in thi s manner, the scholars give point by point and expressive meanings of the title. The article whenever watched hypothetically is very express and suggestive and gives an away from of the various terms and hypotheses identified with social advancement. As per Mulgan, et al (2007), development is about ‘new thoughts that work’ (8). The scholars additionally clarify that social advancement isn't business development; it is a great deal not quite the same as business advancement. Social advancement is related with human science and achievement of social objectives. As indicated by the scholars, the term social advancement is very wealthy in its importance and is across the board as far as its peripheries. By making a decision about the article and its expressly portrayed substance, it is very evident that hypothetically, the article is very clear in its implications. Authority: Exploration and Identification The article gives instances of pioneers who did creative works in t heir particular fields. As per Mulgan, et al (2007), individuals from various fields who can likewise be named as pioneers of social development, for example, â€Å"politicians, civil servants, intelligent people, representatives just as NGO activists† (14) took an interest in characterizing the idea of social advancement and pioneers assume a successful job in investigating and recognizing the idea of social advancement. As indicated by the article, there are four skylines of viable initiative, which are inheritance/generational time, long,

ed philosophy re: history :: essays research papers

To get history, you should get a handle on how your ordinary perspective on the world grew, how it was made by the truth of the individuals who lived before you. It took 1000 years to advance the cutting edge perspective on, and to truly comprehend where you are today, you should return yourself to the year 1000 and afterward push ahead through the whole thousand years experientially, as if you really survived the entire time frame yourself in a solitary lifetime.† (Redfield, 1994) I have decided to turn into a history teacher to open the psyches of undergrads who have disdained history, not as a result of the substance of what they are instructed, but since of how they were educated. With an existentialist perspective on training, my lessons will be founded on how people impacts and responded to specific occasions ever, not simply the occasions.      In request to completely clarify why I concur with the existentialist way of thinking, I should bring up why I feel this will assist my capacity with teaching my understudies. Existentialists depend on self-reflection as a significant instrument. I can’t think about a superior method to show an understudy what occurred since the beginning than by asking how the individual would respond in that timeframe. Envision being a writer attempting to catch the sentiment of a country on November 23, 1963, the day after President John F. Kennedy was shot. Take your creative mind further to catch the torn feelings felt by Mary Todd Lincoln, President Abraham Lincoln‘s spouse, who’s stepbrother Ben Hardin Helm was slaughtered as a Confederate General in the Civil War (Find A Grave, Retrieved 2002). By dedicating yourself completely to a circumstance and communicating those feelings you feel about that circumstance, your responses will achieve a more profound sig nificance; one not all that effortlessly hurled aside after a test is taken or the course is finished.           Existentialists likewise accept that a homeroom ought to be an open gathering for conversation. I plan on addressing for the primary portion of my group and letting the understudies share their musings in the staying half of the class. Realizing that all people think and act in an unexpected way, this assistance to clarify all sides of an occasion. One understudy may feel that our present circumstance warrants military activity against Iraq while another understudy might be firmly restricted to America‘s utilization of power. By letting these people express their actual inclination without judgment, I accept different understudies will better comprehend the current circumstance. ed reasoning re: history :: articles examine papers To get history, you should get a handle on how your regular perspective on the world grew, how it was made by the truth of the individuals who lived before you. It took 1000 years to develop the advanced perspective on, and to truly comprehend where you are today, you should return yourself to the year 1000 and afterward push ahead through the whole thousand years experientially, as if you really survived the entire time frame yourself in a solitary lifetime.† (Redfield, 1994) I have decided to turn into a history educator to open the brains of undergrads who have loathed history, not due to the substance of what they are instructed, but since of how they were educated. With an existentialist perspective on training, my lessons will be founded on how people impacts and responded to specific occasions ever, not simply the occasions.      In request to completely clarify why I concur with the existentialist way of thinking, I should call attention to why I feel this will assist my capacity with teaching my understudies. Existentialists depend on self-reflection as a significant instrument. I can’t think about a superior method to show an understudy what occurred from the beginning of time than by asking how the person in question would respond in that timeframe. Envision being a writer attempting to catch the sentiment of a country on November 23, 1963, the day after President John F. Kennedy was shot. Take your creative mind further to catch the torn feelings felt by Mary Todd Lincoln, President Abraham Lincoln‘s spouse, who’s relative Ben Hardin Helm was executed as a Confederate General in the Civil War (Find A Grave, Retrieved 2002). By devoting yourself completely to a circumstance and communicating those feelings you feel about that circumstance, your responses will realize a m ore profound significance; one not all that effectively hurled aside after a test is taken or the course is finished.           Existentialists likewise accept that a homeroom ought to be an open gathering for conversation. I plan on addressing for the principal half of my group and letting the understudies share their considerations in the staying half of the class. Realizing that all people think and act in an unexpected way, this assistance to clarify all sides of an occasion. One understudy may feel that our present circumstance warrants military activity against Iraq while another understudy might be firmly restricted to America‘s utilization of power. By letting these people express their actual inclination without judgment, I accept different understudies will better comprehend the current circumstance.

Introduction To Dual-Track Agile Product Development For Digital Startups

Introduction To Dual-Track Agile Product Development For Digital Startups Digital startups find themselves faced with a seemingly insurmountable task, and they are aware that the one thing they can do in order to enter the market and become successful is to develop products that offer value to users and customers. This is why they put so much focus on their product development, because that is where it all starts for them.The conventional method of product development used in other industries will not really work very well in software development. Software development has certain aspects that are markedly different from, say, development of electronics or even food and other similar consumer products.In software development, digital startups often use either the Waterfall or Agile methodology. In brief, the Waterfall methodology follows four phases: Analysis of the product requirements, Design of a technical solution to meet the product requirements, Implementation of the approved design, and Testing of the software prior to release. The major downside of this methodology is the high amount of expense or cost involved, especially when changes in the design have to be effected. Once a change is found to be necessary, they will have to go back to the Analysis and Design phases, and that takes a lot of time and money.This is why more software developers prefer to make use of agile methodologies instead of the Waterfall approach. © Shutterstock.com | TechnoVectorsIn this article, you will learn about 1) what is agile product development, 2) what is dual-track agile product development, and 3) benefits of using dual-track agile product development.WHAT IS AGILE PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT?In Agile Product Development, we are looking at software development approaches that are based on iterative development. Product requirements and the solutions that are developed to address the problems that are spurred by these requirements are processed, evaluated and made to evolve through the collaboration between and across team members and teams.Agile puts more emphasis on interactions among and between individuals and teams, particularly those who are directly involved in the product development. The environment takes on a collaborative atmosphere, and one of the most defining characteristics of the approach is its iterations. Product development is basically performed in iterations, which often result to high-quality softwar e, which is produced in a cost-effective and efficient manner, meeting deadlines or time constraints set on them.The process begins with a “backlog”, which is a list that covers all the prioritized requirements, or everything that has to be done. The list will be the starting point of how the team will set the scope, schedule and cost of work to be done, starting from the work that must be completed first. Of course, when setting the schedule, scope and costing, they will always take into consideration the target date of release of the product they are developing.The work will be divided into what we call ‘iterations’ or ‘sprints’, where specific requirements are expected to be delivered within each sprint. Each iteration is seen as a complete development cycle, with its own expected result or deliverable at the end of each sprint or iteration.Compared to the Waterfall methodology, Agile poses less risk, because the more difficult tasks with the higher risks are addresse d at the beginning (they are on top of the list of priorities or backlogs). Productivity of the developers and other members of the cross-functional teams are also increased because they are expected to have an output at the end of each sprint. Monitoring of the progress of the product development process is also more stable, thanks to the daily stand-up meetings that are conducted. Testing is also performed on new features or functions as they are delivered, so they will immediately know whether it works or not. This is opposed to other product development methods, which waits for the entire release to be finished before conducting testing. As a result, they will incur more time and cost when some functions do not pass testing, and they have to go back to zero.There are several methodologies in Agile, including Scrum, FDD, XP, and Crystal. For this discussion, however, we will be focusing on the methodology known as dual-track agile product development.DUAL-TRACK AGILE PRODUCT DEVE LOPMENTThe first question we have to get out of the way is: “what is dual-track agile?”Dual-track agile, which is also known as “dual-track scrum”, is the approach in software development that assumes that agile product development has two key tracks: the Discovery Track and the Delivery Track.When you ask software developers and designers why they prefer using the dual-track approach over the conventional approach, their answer is most likely to zero in on how it is more efficient, as it eliminates a lot of the costs usually associated with agile product development. But we cannot fully get a picture of the benefits of dual-track agile product development without understanding what this dual-track agile is all about.Before you read further watch this awesome video on how to build products customers love using the dual track agile approach. Step 1: The Discovery TrackAlso referred to as the “discovery cycle”, this track involves the quick or fast generation of “validat ed product backlog items in collaborative interactions and sessions with designers and engineers, to make way for the Delivery Track”.As the name implies, this phase involves gathering information and gaining knowledge. Therefore, it involves talking to users and using the information you obtained to figure out what the product requirements are.The common activities implemented in this track include:Stakeholder interviewsNaturally, you have to first identify who your stakeholders are. Stakeholders are the individuals and entities that can be affected or, in turn, can affect your organization. The discovery team would have to conduct interviews with the top management or the owners of the startup, learn of their objectives and policies. These are bound to have an impact on how the product development would unfold.User researchYou are creating software or a product with specific users in mind, which is why you have to pay attention to them from the start of the product development p rocess. There are several user research methodologies that are being used, and they include inquiries through interviews and surveys, and ethnographic and demographic studies.Interviews are often highly recommended because you will be interacting and connecting with the users in their natural environment. Of course, digital startups may not have its specific users yet. One option is for them to direct their attention to the users of their competitors for their research.During your research, focus on the problems that they are faced with, the requirements that they are looking for, and the features or solutions that they would want or need.Development of Personas and ScenariosFrom the information gathered through user research, you can now develop your product persona. These are particularly useful when you are going in-depth with your user stories. Essentially, you are establishing patterns which you can use in the next steps of product development.This is the same as creating scena rios that will also aid you. For example, you can ask users to give you a scenario on a specific task they accomplish on a daily basis. What are the problems they encounter when doing this task? How do they solve it or get around that problem to still accomplish it?Story MappingPrioritization is very important in Agile and, in dual-track scrum, all that you have obtained through user research must also be prioritized in order to make sense of them. Story mapping, particularly the user stories you have gathered, will help you understand user experience better, so you can prioritize features better. For instance, you have a list of features that you plan on incorporating into the product. Through story mapping, you will easily be able to distinguish those features that are deemed most important or indispensable, from those that have little to no value.Step 2: The Delivery TrackThis involves the development of software that may be released, based on the backlog items that have been def ined and qualified previously in the Discovery Track.The natural response of product development teams after they have conducted all their user research and other Discovery Track activities is to go straight ahead to the design stage. Before that, however, the team should first be clear on what the deliverables will be, and how they will be delivered. Once they have agreed on those, they can proceed to the other activities of the delivery track.Rapid prototype creationDigital startups want to finish product development as much as possible and release them to the market quickly. However, it is suggested that prototypes be created first for testing. One effective testing method is the RITE, or the Rapid Iterative Testing and Evaluation method, which can be done in person, or even over the phoneInformal and iterative testingGetting feedback from users is something that is done throughout the delivery track, not just AFTER the final product has been released. Getting the users involved will help the delivery team catch problems while it is in the development process, instead of finding the problem only after majority of the work (and the costs) is done.We have made mention of how Agile is all about collaboration. By involving your users, product development teams and the managers are more in touch with the customers, putting them in a better position to understand what the customers want and need.Polishing of the user interfaceThis is connected to user research inputs and customer feedback. Product designers and developers continue working on their product, even after they are done with the prototype. You can say that this is a way to fine-tune the product. By getting the thoughts of the users, they can better polish the user interface of the software and, ultimately, improve user experience.There is a reason why it is referred to as “dual-track” instead of a “two tracks connected to each other in a continuous line or loop”. One important point to be remem bered is that Discovery and Delivery tracks run parallel to each other. It’s not about one waiting for the other track to be finished before it can get started, and vice versa. The two key tracks work together and complement each other.BENEFITS OF DUAL-TRACK AGILE FOR DIGITAL STARTUPSOne thing not many people understand about digital startups is this: they do not have unlimited resources. Often, they have to start on a very tight working capital, and they do not really have the luxury of time to be relaxed in their pace. Technology moves at such a fast speed, the software you are working on today may be rendered obsolete in less than a couple of months. That is why digital startups have to consider cost and speed in their product development. That is where agile product development, particularly dual-track agile, comes in handy.1. Dual-track agile results in less rework and wasteIf the backlog items have not been properly qualified, defined and validated, expect several reworks th at must be done. Lots of rework and even more wasted time and resources will result in slow work velocity. Deadlines might not be met and, even if they were, the results would not be satisfying at all. Agile is mainly about iterations, so expect to go through the cycle in more than one or two gos. It is already a given that the team will have to do iterations repeatedly, but if you end up doing more than you should, mainly because you were not able to do it right the first few iterations, will already mean wastage that you could have avoided.The mere fact that you keep conducting meetings just to clear things up about backlog items that were not made clear in previous meetings is already indicative of resources wasted. The discovery and delivery tracks will ensure that the members of the product development team will have all the information they need, so they can reduce the number of iterations and, consequently, the costs and time incurred.2. Dual-track agile leads to the developm ent of higher quality productsBy having well-defined backlog items, product developers are able to eliminate features that have very little or no value at all. This reduces instances where you release software and the users end up using only about 50% of the functionality.Dual-track agile’s validation ensures that there is an actual and real need for a feature. Through implementing the discovery and delivery tracks, you are able to pay attention to the user experience. In short, you are able to put yourselves in the shoes of your users, so you will know which features will be useful to them, and which can be eliminated, without compromising the quality of the product.3. Dual-track agile makes validation more cost-effectiveValidation is one aspect that is often overlooked or even pointedly ignored by many product developers. Some think it is redundant; others simply do not see its importance. Validation of ideas is very important, if only to ensure the quality of the product. Howev er, it involves the use of codes, rendering it time-consuming, tedious, and expensive, which is the reason why it is often ignored. Or even when developers do it, they do it in a half-hearted manner, which completely defeats the purpose.As a result, developers are looking for a way to make the validation of ideas more manageable, faster, and cheaper, and dual-track agile is one way of doing exactly that. This is through the actions undertaken by the members of the Discovery Team, who can use surveys and paper prototypes, instead of codes, to validate. This is certainly easier and faster, and makes validation more cost-effective.4. Dual track agile increases startups’ ability to cope better with changeFlexibility is one trait that all businesses â€" not just those engaged in digital technology â€" can benefit from. We are all aware how fast-paced and volatile the information technology industry is, so digital startups should learn how to keep up and cope. By implementing dual-track scrum, they are already training themselves to get there.5. Dual-track agile promotes improved overall user experienceThere has always been a discordant relationship between agile product development and user experience design, so much so that even the experts in agile find integration of the two to be very difficult. They find it difficult to focus on two things at one time; it is either focus on the product development iterations, or concentrate on design focused on user experience.Dual-track creates a clear separation between the discovery and delivery track teams, so one team can focus on one, and the other team on the other issue. The discovery team, in building prototypes, can already integrate user experience design, and the delivery team will pick things from the specs that the discovery team will provide them. You should also not forget that the discovery team is the one responsible for validation, so they can incorporate the validation of user experience on their end as w ell.For digital startups, the use of dual-track agile is highly recommended. When done right, they are looking at great results. Of course, they should keep a level head and focus on the work at hand. Choosing the right people to assign to the teams and their tasks is very important, and making sure you have a schedule is also needed. But there should also be a lot of room for flexibility. Depending on your scheduling, the nature of your startup, and your goals, your dual-track agile implementation may differ from that of other digital startups.

Is Socrates Innocent or Guilty Essay - 1379 Words

Is Socrates Innocent or Guilty? Living in a democracy, everyone is exposed through television and other various forms of media everyday to numerous trials by jury. Usually they are rarely given a second thought, but every once in a while along comes a specific trial which captures the attention of the entire country. This goes the same for trials throughout centuries in our past. Although they did not have the same forms of media as in this, modern era, there were still specific trials in which everyone knew about. One trial that stands out is the one against the great philosopher Socrates. Accused of corrupting the youth, being an atheist, and believing in other gods, Socrates faced trial by jury. The early forms of democracy†¦show more content†¦No one had previously imagined that Socrates would be put to death. Socrates was a man who spent most of his time talking to people. He would ask them hypothetical questions, and make them think for themselves about the true answer they believed in, by serving as a guide for the conversation. Many people, including the accusers, believed that while Socrates did this, he was serving as a Sophist. A Sophist is a person who talks to people, and teaches them how to argue a point, whether the point is right or wrong. A Sophist would collect money for this lesson, and go on with their teachings (Xenophon 42). This accusation is inaccurate because Socrates did not collect any money for his conversations with people. Instead, Socrates was a very poor man, who happened to have rich friends. Talking to these people was a way for Socrates to try to spread his way of life to the Athenians. He enjoyed conversing with people about ethical issues, and moral beliefs. In his argument, Socrates refutes Meletus charge that he corrupts the young. One crucial point deals with the idea of Socrates as a paid teacher. This would imply that Socrates was actively seeking students and teaching corrupting ideas. This plays a part in the argument, by Meletus, that Socrates has deliberately corrupted the youth. Socrates says that, the young men who follow me around of their own free will, those who have most leisure, the sonsShow MoreRelatedSocrates: Guilty or Innocent Essay847 Words   |  4 PagesIn Platos, The Apology of Socrates, Socrates was accused and on trial for two charges: that he had corrupted the youth of Athens with his teachings, and, that he advocated the worship of false gods. Socrates taught his students to question everything in a thirst for knowledge. Thus, many politicians were looked at as hypocrites. Because of this, many politicians feared Socrates and wanted Socrates away from Athens. Socrates tried to defend himself against the charges by addressing each accusationRead More The Apology of Socrates: Guilty or Innocent? E ssay928 Words   |  4 PagesThe Apology of Socrates: Guilty or Innocent?   Ã‚   In any case of law, when considering truth and justice, one must first look at the validity of the court and the system itself.   In Socrates case, the situation is no different.   One may be said to be guilty or innocent of any crime, but guilt or innocence is only as valid as the court it is subjected to.   Therefore, in considering whether Socrates is guilty or not, it must be kept in mind the norms and standards of Athens at that time, and theRead MoreSocrates: Guilty or Innocent of Charges? Essay2093 Words   |  9 PagesSocrates: Was He Guilty or Innocent of the Crimes He Was Charged With? Most of the information that we learn about Socrates comes from the work and writings of one of his students, Plato. It has been alleged that the great Philosopher wrote nothing down for others to read, and as such, the knowledge and the teachings from Socrates that is relied upon to convey his philosophy and the epic story of his life comes not from himself, but his students who attempt to provide and accurate pictureRead More Argument in the Apology Essay897 Words   |  4 Pagesphilosopher Plato is whether, notorious speaker and philosopher Socrates is corrupting the youth by preaching ungodly theories and teaching them unlawful ideas that do harm to individuals and society. In his words Socrates quoted the prosecution’s accusation against him: â€Å"Socrates is guilty of corrupting the minds of the young, and of believing in supernatural things of his own invention instead of the gods recognized by the state.† 1 Further Socrates consistently introduces tediously compiled number of examplesRead MoreSocrates Trial Essay807 Words   |  4 PagesApology Socrates was charged and put on trial for impiety, as well as accused of committing many other crimes. I will first explain the most important issues of why Socrates was sent to death. Then I will argue the position that Socrates is innocent, and should not be have been found guilty. To introduce, Socrates was placed on trial and charged with the crime of impiety. Impiety is the lack of reverence for the gods and other sacred things. As well another major claim was that Socrates was corruptingRead MoreEssay Is Socrates Guilty As Charged?1134 Words   |  5 Pagesquot;Is Socrates Guilty As Charged?quot; nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;In any case of law, when one is considering truth and justice, one must first look at the validity of the court and of the entity of authority itself. In Socrates case, the situation is no different. One may be said to be guilty or not of any said crime, but the true measure of guilt or innocence is only as valid as the court structure to which it is subject to. Therefore, in considering whether Socrates is guilty or notRead MoreThe Apology And Interpretation Of The Trial Of Socrates1183 Words   |  5 Pagesinterpretation of the trial of Socrates (399 BC). When the Thirty Tyrants were ruling Athens, Socrates was asked by them to help capture Leon of Salamis, a wealthy man. This arrest was to be made simply because Leon was a just Democrat and the Tyrants wanted to take his huge estate for themselves. Socrates disobeyed these orders hence why he was later executed as a traitor of Athens. Meletus was the man who then brought Socrates before a jury for prosecution. Socrates pleaded innocent in his trial. SimilarlyRead MoreEssay on Socrates Was NOT Guilty1667 Words   |  7 Pages   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Socrates, in his conviction from the Athenian jury, was both innocent and guilty as charged. In Plato’s Five Dialogues, accounts of events ranging from just prior to Socrates’ entry into the courthouse up until his mouthful of hemlock, both points are represented. Socrates’ in dealing with moral law was not guilty of the crimes he was accused of by Meletus. Socrates was only guilty as charged because his peers had concluded him as such. The laws didn’t find Socrates guilty; Socrates was guiltyRead MoreEssay on A Hoax in Court: The Trial of Socrates1547 Words   |  7 PagesAlbert Einstein quoted, â€Å"In matters of truth and justice, there is no difference between large and small problems, for issues concerning the treatment of people are all the same† (Brainy Quote). Were justice and truth a part of Socrates’ trial? The primary question is: what is justice? According to Merriam-Webster dictionary, the definition of j ustice is: â€Å"the administration of law, especially the establishment or determination of rights according to the rules of law or equity.† Meletus broughtRead MoreAnalysis Of Socratess Four Accusations About Socrates 1679 Words   |  7 PagesFour accusations about Socrates are that he commits injustice and is a busybody; he investigates things in the heavens and beneath the earth; he does not acknowledge the gods; he makes the weaker argument the stronger; he teaches this to others; he corrupts the young (Plato, Apology, 18c-19b, pg 47). While he is guilty of the first, second, fifth and sixth accusations, he is innocent of the third and the fourth. That Socrates is guilty by his own standards of being a busybody, or meddler, is

The Development Of The Self And The Ability Of Form...

The development of the self and the ability to form relationships with others both begin in infancy, as the child starts to understand its own existence. The formation of close relationships with parents and, eventually, with peers is crucial to the psychological and physiological well-being of a child. The first signs of self-awareness can generally be found by age two. Children at this stage can recognize themselves in the mirror and in photographs, as well as use personal pronouns to refer to themselves. One popular test of self-recognition involves discreetly putting a small mark, usually an ink dot, on the forehead of a child. When the child is told to look at their reflection in a mirror, a child that has developed†¦show more content†¦The social world is not as concrete as the physical world, and is governed by subjective laws that change from person to person. Whenever people are incorporated into a task, that task instantaneously becomes much harder and this i s especially true for young children. If a child does not yet have the ability to recognize their â€Å"inner self†, it is virtually impossible for them to have effective communication with someone else, whereas this child can easily figure out that an object dropped from the highchair will inevitably fall to the ground. Relationships are incredibly important to both our functioning as a society and our existence as a species. If relationships were considered bad, then there would be serious repercussions. The most obvious is the strong decline in reproduction that would occur as a result, also neurosis would be widespread from social isolation. Relationships also help to motivate us. Upward social comparison occurs when we compare ourselves to those who are perceived to be better than us (Festinger 1954). In most people, this creates motivation to try and reach this peak, so long as it is an achievable goal. Relationships also supply us with affection and the benefit s of attachment. As people grow older, attachment with others is necessary to supplant that which was felt with their parents, as proximity to them is decreased with the emergence ofShow MoreRelatedThe Influence of Parenting Styles and Attachment Styles on Relationship Designs986 Words   |  4 Pagesattachment styles and parenting styles a child receives is the design for the rest of their relationships. The relationship an infant or child has with the primary caregiver is the most important because their adult behaviors are directly influenced from these experiences. This is the basic theory of attachment styles that states that the earliest bonds a child forms correlates to the kinds of relationships people form as adults. Families are the first social interactions that infants and children haveRead MoreSocial Emotional Development During The First Three Years1407 Words   |  6 Pages Social Emotional Development in the first three years. Social Emotional development is a child’s ability to control his or her emotions by self-regulating. It also is the child’s ability express his or her feelings in the appropriate way. Temperament is the combination of mental, physical, and emotional traits of a person; natural predisposition. (Temperament | Define Temperament at Dictionary.com, n.d.). Your temperament regulates your social emotional development. When you look at your temperamentRead MoreThe Signs And Symptoms Of Psychological Abuse1113 Words   |  5 Pagespattern of behaviors by caregivers that interferes with cognitive, emotional, psychological, and social development. In other words’ it is when someone does something intentionally to hurt the emotional aspects of another person. What are the signs/symptoms of psychological abuse? Unlike physical abuse, psychological abuse often goes on without being noticed. Psychological abuse can be seen in the forms of ignoring, rejecting, isolating, corrupting, verbally assaulting, terrorizing, and neglecting.Read MoreThe Psychosocial Development Of Infants And Children Essay1589 Words   |  7 PagesThe psychosocial development of infants and children is a topic that has been studied by many. Per the Psychology textbook by Ciccarelli, personality and the formation of relationships begins with psychological and social development during infancy and childhood (p.328). Personality is shown through temperament, a child’s temperament in relation to their primary caregiver’s temperament will determine what style of attachment the child forms with the caregiver (p.330). 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Sandwich Blitz Free Essays

Dalman and Lei have discussed two possible avenues to grow and expand Sandwich Blitz, Inc. One possible strategy would be to franchise locations. Another strategy would be to secure venture capital to finance an internal expansion by opening more company-owned shops. We will write a custom essay sample on Sandwich Blitz or any similar topic only for you Order Now Dalman feels that he just does not have time to investigate these options because he is spending an increasing amount of his time assisting the location managers. Lei noted that two of the location managers had exhibited a lot of skill in the management of their locations and perhaps a new position could be added to coordinate with the location managers. This would free Dalman to work on these larger issues. 1. How would creating a new position between the CEO and the location managers help the business to grow? Creating a new position will allow Dalman to devote his time and energy towards more important issues regarding growing the company as a whole; namely the possibility of franchising locations and or securing venture capital to finance and internal expansion by opening more company owned shops. In this new position, the new manager would have the authority to make decisions, give orders, draw on resources and do whatever else is necessary to fulfill that responsibility. Dalman would only need to have a weekly or bi-weekly meeting with the new manager as to the status of the locations at the operational level and dispense advice or direction if needed. 2. Is promoting an existing manager the best option to fill this position? If not, what is an alternative source to fill the position? Yes, promoting an existing manager is the best option to fill this position because the existing manager already knows the job and with the additional responsibilities, he will feel like he’s contributing. Also, with his exceptional managerial skills, he will remain focused, put over 100% effort into the tasks at hand and become involved in new ideas and innovation for the company. 3. Who within the company should make these decisions? Dalman and Lei should make these decisions. Since they both know who the managers are and their skill set, then they are the ones who should decide who to promote and/or move into the position. 4. List the levels of authority (management) that Sandwich Blitz, Inc. would have if the new position is created. The levels of authority (management) that Sandwich Blitz, Inc. would have if the new position is created are: 1.Strategic Managers, CEO, CFO, Dalman and Lei 2.Middle Manager – Senior Manager, New Position 3.Operational Managers – 8 Location Managers How to cite Sandwich Blitz, Papers

Recent Developments in the Doctrine of Consideration

Question: Discuss how the development of economic duress has allowed the courts to move away from a rigid adherence to the doctrine of consideration? Answer: Introduction Generally, in contracts, there are three basic elements namely the agreement, the intention to create a legal obligation and the consideration. The doctrine of consideration is important because it endeavours to bind the parties to an agreement and checks the legal limits on them. The two principal rules associated with the doctrine of consideration are that it should move from the promise, but it may or may not reach the promisor and secondly, it may not be adequate, but it should be sufficient. The question that arises is that whether the doctrine of consideration is relevant in today's world or not. Does the doctrine establish in the case of Williams v Roffey still exist or have there been other doctrines that have taken up its place? In today's world, the existence of consideration has become very minimal, and the judges have resorted to going to extreme ends to juggle up considerations. Can we in today's context say that the doctrine of consideration is becoming redundant gradually? This application is widely happening in the transactions having a commercial nature. In the case of Williams v Roffey, it was established that a consideration that is factual and against the legal benefits shall be a proper consideration. Thus, the definition as to what constitutes proper consideration became much wider in ambit. The precedent of Williams has been applied on various instances in the Singapore Law like that of Sea-Land Service Inc v Cheong Fook Chee Vincent. The application of the doctrine of consideration is day by day becoming obsolete although it has not become totally redundant. The Doctrine of Consideration The principle upon which the doctrine of consideration primarily rests is the concept of factual benefit with the requirement that it should be sufficient. This concept of factual benefit gives the same purpose as that of the doctrine of consideration thereby negating the sufficiency requirement. This gives rise to the question that does this not make the doctrine absolutely unneeded? There are also various concerns regarding the application of the doctrine of consideration. In the case of Williams v Roffey, it was held by the judges that the promise that was made was sufficient and qualified within the terms of the consideration. But, in the case of Stilk v Myrick, it was ruled by the Courts that no consideration existed as the matter was with the presentation of an active contract. Both of these matters deal with the issue that a promise had been made to pay more than that owed under the contractual obligations. The decision given in these two cases is entirely opposite. The concern in this regard is the justification provided by Lord Justice Russell in Williams. It is very clear from the statement put forth that the judge was not pleased with the judgment pronounced in the case of Stilk. While there is such a big difference in the application of the same doctrine in different areas, then, what should be the base for the upcoming litigations to remove the incons istency in the same law? These inconsistencies help in contemplating the effectiveness of the doctrine of consideration. Application of the Doctrine As far as the applicability of the doctrine of consideration is concerned, there are unquestionably certain issues that raise questions on its effectiveness. This doctrine is becoming redundant gradually, and there are several other doctrines that are day by day encompassing the essence of consideration and reshaping it. The other doctrines in this aspect are the doctrine of promissory estoppels, undue influence, the doctrine of duress, unconscionability, etc. Vitiating factors are often used by the Courts as a means in alteration of the doctrine of consideration. Economic duress is mostly served to make contracts that were framed by using improper conduct to be termed as voidable. The doctrine is used in those circumstances when unlawful pressure is exerted on the parties and because of that pressure, people enter into a contract. This doctrine tries to prevent the disputes that might fall under extortion that have a higher effect. That can lead to such circumstances that might give a look that the consideration in the contract was a valid one. These kinds of matters might result in very unfair judgments being pronounced by the Courts and in those circumstances; the doctrine of consideration is likely to become even more invalid. These situations arise when one of the parties in the contract, which generally happens to be in the dominant position, uses the advantage of his position to induce his words in the mouth of the other party. There might also be a situation when because of the dominant position enjoyed by one party; the other party may be prevented from entering into a contract although the same might be beneficial for them. Generally, in all these circumstances, it is very simple to find an alternative shape of consideration in the agreement that ultimately results in unfair judgments being pronounced by the Courts. The Doctrine of Duress The doctrine of duress tries to protect the unscrupulous behaviour that often gets highlighted in the contracts when they are formed. The application of this doctrine is witnessed on a large scale where the unethical behaviour is displayed by the use of money, power, and favourable position. What the courts look forward to nowadays is not concerned with the application of the precedents of either Williams or Stilk. Rather, the application of the principle of the law that there should be the possible display of sufficient consideration is looked at by them. While the alternatives, on the one hand, have their own benefits, they also have certain limitations that are associated in addition to that. They firstly do not hold as good a foundation in the legal system as is held by the doctrine of consideration. Because consideration is one of essential doctrines governing the law of contracts, totally abolishing the same is somewhat difficult. Hence, in such a situation, the best alternativ e that is available is that it should be entirely left in the hands of the judges to decide a matter based on the circumstances of a case. It cannot be denied that there are certain flaws in the existing system but for that issue, totally abolishing the same can never be a solution. There can be certain revisions and amendments made in the existing system. Consideration is one of the essential elements of any contract and in legal language; it means the price for the contract that is paid by one party to the other party as an acknowledgement of the performance of the contract. What is essential in its characteristics is that it is supposed to move from the promise and should be sufficient. Originally, it was meant for those promises that were made in the domestic level and for transactions that were controlled by the landowners around the mid 18th century. Since there was the very little development of commerce, trade agreements were also not well developed. What has been of concern is that time has changed, and so has the legal framework, but the doctrine keeps working on its traditional way. There is also a great amount of confusion that has been put forth before the common masses between the legal benefit and the detriment post the judgment of Williams v Roffey. The question has also been put on the validity of the concept of consideration. It was held in this matter by the Court that Roffey Bros were supposed to pay Williams because they had derived a benefit that qualified to be sufficient consideration. The general rule regarding consideration is that none of the promises to perform a contract can ever qualify to be sufficient consideration. However, an exception was laid in this rule. It was stated that none of the parties should thrive to reap any additional benefits when the obligations have been fulfilled by the other party. The rule under the common law, on the contrary, looks at the detriment for those obligations that come under public duty. Hence, because the factual benefit is displayed in everyday behaviour very easily, hence, to apply the rule established in Williams the scope of the doctrine of consideration has to be altered. Analysis of the Situation Now, because the verdict in this matter was related to assessing the sufficiency of consideration, the judgment has left a smudge in the analysis of injury. If a benefit is said to be the adequate consideration, then, there must be no differentiated opinion over the judgments on different occasions. Thus, it should be a situation where the benefits earned should be sufficient in cases of price reduction as well. In the case of Re Selectmove Ltd, it was held that the promise to pay less did not qualify to be a valid agreement under the rule of Williams. The general rule as laid down in the Pinnels case which states that no part payment will be a sufficient consideration still prevails. Reference should be drawn of the case of Foakes v Beer. In this matter, it was held by the court that there was no supplementary profit that went from Foakes to Beer. If we could have got proof that certain additional benefit was moving from Foakes to Beer that would have amounted to a sufficient consideration. But, no plausible outcome was stated by the court that could prove towards a sufficient consideration. Hence, it can be very well said that the common law position is very unclear. Further, considering the case of Pao On, we can say that there may be consideration without duress while we evaluate the performance of duty towards a third party while there id legal benefit. Here again the principle laid down in Williams happens to be redundant. The courts in various occasions have taken varied views regarding the applicability of the consideration criteria. While generally, the importance is given to the intention to enter into a legal relationship, consideration has very often been overlooked. The examples of these instances are Chwee Kin Keong v Digilandmall.com Pty Ltd and Edwards v Skyways. The courts in these have laid that the priority should be given to the honour clauses rather than the requirement of consideration. The priority is always given to those circumstances where the contracts are drafted under a seal of the law. If the seal is present, seldom is importance given to the consideration criteria. The doctrine of consideration may seem to be a bit out of track because the intention behind the contract is given much more importance. Advantages and Disadvantages After having analyzed the various alternative approaches taken by the Courts, we shall now evaluate if these options are feasible methods or not. The duress doctrine provides that if any unfair pressure is put on any individual, he cannot be forced to enter into an agreement. If the doctrine of duress is applied in just conditions, then, the weaker party gets a protection under the law. However, in most of the instances, it is often difficult to determine in the specified instances if duress was present or not. Like in the case of Williams v Roffey, the ambiguity has not yet been resolved as to what is a normal commercial pressure and what is an economic duress. In any event, if economic duress is established, it has the effect of overriding consideration, and the contract is held to be invalid. In majority of the situations, the courts look at the presence of duress before validating a contract. Though strict guidelines are absent, the validity of the doctrine is often questioned and this often results in various uncertainties and ambiguities. As in the case of Barton v Armstrong, these clauses, only have the effect of making a contract voidable and not void. Thus, in this respect, we can state that unlike consideration, the duress cannot make a contract void. Hence, from this it is very clear that duress can never be a total replacement for the doctrine of consideration. To replace consideration, there are wider aspects over public policy as well. There are numerable public servants who are likely to misuse the concept for deriving benefits. In such matters, even though the presence of extortion will be low, yet, the additional benefits during the process is likely to have an effect over the performance of the duties. This conflict with the public policy on the face as it is detrimental for the society as well. Hence, to justify the position of the concept of duress, number of cases is required. Since, on the one hand, our society of today is largely dependent on the latest forms of trade and commerce, duress is likely to increase at a steady rate. On the other hand, the situation has not yet become so ripe that the entire concept can be over ridden by the concept of duress. Feasibility Criteria Thus, we can say that precisely, it is very difficult to abolish the consideration criteria in contracts and replace it totally with duress. The alternative of duress is not totally developed and concrete enough so that it can be used as a total replacement. Moreover, the basic role that is played by the concept of duress is very different from the concept of consideration as far as the basis of law is concerned. As the present situation goes, consideration goes at an equal pace with the requirement of duress. Duress in today's era is nothing more but a simple exception that moves parallel to the well established the doctrine of consideration. It is not a valid requirement foe any legal agreement to be termed as a contract and as far as the situation in the present day is in question, it goes very much hand in hand with consideration. The original doctrine of consideration still applies in every single case of contracts. Hence, it can be validly said that this doctrine of duress does not possess a similar threshold of coming at an equal standard of consideration and even if it does, it will become extremely difficult to determine the validity of these contracts in those areas which generally come under the exceptions if the entire concept of consideration is totally removed and detained. Conclusion While we come to write the conclusion in this respect, it can be said that the same may be totally removed but nowhere can it be said to be totally redundant. Considering the changing shape of commercial transactions, we can say that the common law in the upcoming time will evolve out gradually to remove all the redundancies that are present so that the requirements can be met by the society and the situation fits in the puzzle of the pressures of the modern society contracts. There has to be an analysis of many more cases under the common law doctrine to establish a valid jurisprudence in this regard. Since the law develops slower than the pace in which society develops, it should be borne in mind by all of us that the law is likely to suffer from certain imperfections. In order to have a reduction in these imperfections, exceptions do come out but the doctrines that have been considered to be the skeleton of the legal pillar and those which give a shape to the law, should be kept r unning. This is because they have an impact over many of the operations in which the society is till date engaged. The same logic applies over consideration as well. Abolishing the entire concept is likely to create greater chaos and confusion in the legal domain. References Axelsen D and Nielsen L, 'Sufficiency As Freedom From Duress' [2014] J Polit Philos Denning A, 'RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN THE DOCTRINE OF CONSIDERATION' (1952) 15 The Modern Law Review E-lawresources.co.uk, 'Contract Consideration' (2015) accessed 5 August 2015 E-lawresources.co.uk, 'Duress' (2015) accessed 5 August 2015 Enonchong N, Duress, Undue Influence And Unconscionable Dealing (Sweet Maxwell 2006) Ibbetson D, 'DURESS REVISITED' (2005) 64 Cam. Law. J. Inbrief.co.uk, 'Duress And Undue Influence In Contract Law' (2015) accessed 5 August 2015 Mcbridesguides.com, 'Doctrine Of Consideration | Mcbridesguides' (2012) accessed 5 August 2015 Sjol.co.uk, 'Why English Contract Law Should Prohibit Unfair Conduct In Contractual Negotiations By A General Doctrine Of Unconscionability - The Student Journal Of Law' (2015) accessed 5 August 2015 Swain W, 'The Changing Nature Of The Doctrine Of Consideration, 17501850' (2005) 26 The Journal of Legal History Barton v Armstrong [1973] UKPC 2 [1973] UKPC Chwee Kin Keong and Others v Digilandmallcom Pte Ltd [2005] SGCA 2 [2005] SGCA Edwards v Skyways [1964] 1 WLR 349 (1964) 1 WLR Foakes v Beer [1884] UKHL Pao On v Lau Yiu Long [1979] UKPC 2 [1979] UKPC Re Selectmove Ltd [1993] EWCA Sea-Land Service Inc v Cheong Fook Chee Vincent (1994) 3 SLR 631 (1994) 3 SLR Williams v Roffey Bros and Nicholls (Contractors) Ltd (1990) 1 All ER A. T. Denning, 'RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN THE DOCTRINE OF CONSIDERATION' (1952) 15 The Modern Law Review. Williams v Roffey Bros and Nicholls (Contractors) Ltd (1990) 1 All ER. Sea-Land Service Inc v Cheong Fook Chee Vincent (1994) 3 SLR 631 (1994) 3 SLR. Warren Swain, 'The Changing Nature Of The Doctrine Of Consideration, 17501850' (2005) 26 The Journal of Legal History. Mcbridesguides.com, 'Doctrine Of Consideration | Mcbridesguides' (2012) accessed 5 August 2015. David V. Axelsen and Lasse Nielsen, 'Sufficiency As Freedom From Duress' [2014] J Polit Philos. Nelson Enonchong, Duress, Undue Influence And Unconscionable Dealing (Sweet Maxwell 2006). E-lawresources.co.uk, 'Duress' (2015) accessed 5 August 2015. David Ibbetson, 'DURESS REVISITED' (2005) 64 Cam. Law. J. Re Selectmove Ltd [1993] EWCA. E-lawresources.co.uk, 'Contract Consideration' (2015) accessed 5 August 2015. Foakes v Beer [1884] UKHL. Inbrief.co.uk, 'Duress And Undue Influence In Contract Law' (2015) accessed 5 August 2015. Pao On v Lau Yiu Long [1979] UKPC 2 [1979] UKPC. Chwee Kin Keong and Others v Digilandmallcom Pte Ltd [2005] SGCA 2 [2005] SGCA. Edwards v Skyways [1964] 1 WLR 349 (1964) 1 WLR. Barton v Armstrong [1973] UKPC 2 [1973] UKPC. Sjol.co.uk, 'Why English Contract Law Should Prohibit Unfair Conduct In Contractual Negotiations By A General Doctrine Of Unconscionability - The Student Journal Of Law' (2015) accessed 5 August 2015.